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©The Author(s) 2025. Published by Baishideng Publishing Group Inc. All rights reserved.
World J Clin Oncol. Oct 24, 2025; 16(10): 110466
Published online Oct 24, 2025. doi: 10.5306/wjco.v16.i10.110466
Published online Oct 24, 2025. doi: 10.5306/wjco.v16.i10.110466
Expansion strategies for Vδ2 γδT cells in cancer immunotherapy: Activation, cytokines, and culture conditions
Natalia Lehman, Michal Zarobkiewicz, Department of Clinical Immunology, Medical University of Lublin, Lublin 20-093, Lubelskie, Poland
Natalia Lehman, Department of Neurosurgery and Paediatric Neurosurgery, Medical University of Lublin, Lublin 20-090, Lubelskie, Poland
Author contributions: Lehman N contributed to writing, and was responsible for figure and table preparation; Zarobkiewicz M conceived the idea, led the writing of the manuscript, and supervised the overall work; all authors contributed to revisions and approved the final version of the manuscript.
Supported by National Science Center of Poland, No. 2019/35/N/NZ6/02973.
Conflict-of-interest statement: All authors declare no conflict of interest in publishing the manuscript.
Open Access: This article is an open-access article that was selected by an in-house editor and fully peer-reviewed by external reviewers. It is distributed in accordance with the Creative Commons Attribution NonCommercial (CC BY-NC 4.0) license, which permits others to distribute, remix, adapt, build upon this work non-commercially, and license their derivative works on different terms, provided the original work is properly cited and the use is non-commercial. See: https://creativecommons.org/Licenses/by-nc/4.0/
Corresponding author: Michal Zarobkiewicz, MD, PhD, Associate Professor, Department of Clinical Immunology, Medical University of Lublin, Chodzki 4A, Lublin 20-093, Lubelskie, Poland. michal.zarobkiewicz@umlub.pl
Received: June 9, 2025
Revised: July 3, 2025
Accepted: September 23, 2025
Published online: October 24, 2025
Processing time: 139 Days and 20.3 Hours
Revised: July 3, 2025
Accepted: September 23, 2025
Published online: October 24, 2025
Processing time: 139 Days and 20.3 Hours
Core Tip
Core Tip: Vδ2 γδT cells hold promise for cancer immunotherapy due to their major histocompatibility complex-independent recognition of phosphoantigens and relative ease of their large scale GMP-compliant expansion in vitro. This mini-review outlines current strategies to optimize Vδ2 T cell expansion, highlighting the roles of stimuli, cytokine combinations, and culture conditions. Emerging insights on direct phosphoantigen stimulation and Toll-like receptor-based co-stimulation are also discussed, offering new avenues to enhance γδT cell yield and functionality for therapeutic use.