Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomal lactate dehydrogenase A promotes tendon-bone healing via histone lactylation-mediated cartilage regeneration

Table 1 Micro-computed tomography quantitative analysis of tendon-bone healing

Group	BMD (g/cm3)	BV/TV (%)	Tb.Th (mm)
PBS control	0.15 ± 0.03	18.7 ± 3.2	0.09 ± 0.02
BMSC-Exos	0.31 ± 0.04a	35.6 ± 4.5a	0.15 ± 0.03a
BMSC-Exos shLDHA	0.16 ± 0.03b	19.2 ± 2.8b	0.09 ± 0.01b

^aP < 0.001 vs phosphate buffered saline control.

^bP < 0.05 vs exosomes derived from bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells.

Data are mean ± SD (n = 12/group). BMD: Bone mineral density; BV/TV: Bone volume fraction; Tb.Th: Trabecular thickness; PBS: Phosphate buffered saline; BMSC-Exos: Exosomes derived from bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell; LDHA: Lactate dehydrogenase A.

Table 2 Experimental replication and statistical power

Assay	Sample size (n)	Independent repeats	Power analysis (α = 0.05, β = 0.2)
In vivo ACLR model	12/group	3	Effect size = 1.8, power = 0.85
CCK-8	6 wells/group	5	Effect size = 1.5, power = 0.91
qPCR	3 replicates	5	Effect size = 1.2, power = 0.88
WB	3 replicates	5	Effect size = 1.3, power = 0.89

Power analysis was performed using G*Power 3.1. ACLR: Anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction; CCK-8: Cell counting kit 8; qPCR: Quantitative polymerase chain reaction; WB: Western blotting.