Neural differentiation from embryonic stem cells in vitro: An overview of the signaling pathways

doi:10.4252/wjsc.v7.i2.437

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World Journal of Stem Cells

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1948-0210

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Baishideng Publishing Group Inc, 7041 Koll Center Parkway, Suite 160, Pleasanton, CA 94566, USA

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World J Stem Cells. Mar 26, 2015; 7(2): 437-447
Published online Mar 26, 2015. doi: 10.4252/wjsc.v7.i2.437

Neural differentiation from embryonic stem cells in vitro: An overview of the signaling pathways

Jen-Hua Chuang, Li-Chu Tung, Yenshou Lin

Jen-Hua Chuang, Li-Chu Tung, Yenshou Lin, Department of Life Science, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei 116, Taiwan

Author contributions: Chuang JH, Tung LC and Lin Y conceived and wrote the manuscript; Lin Y revised and finalized the manuscript.

Supported by National Science Council, No. NSC101-2311-B-003-005 and NSC102-2311-B-003-003; National Taiwan Normal University, No. 103T3040B06, 103T3040C06 and 104T3040C06.

Conflict-of-interest: The authors have declared no conflict of interest.

Correspondence to: Dr. Yenshou Lin, Associate Professor, Department of Life Science, National Taiwan Normal University, 88, Ting-Chou Road, Section 4, Taipei 116, Taiwan. yenshoulin@ntnu.edu.tw

Telephone: +886-2-77346343 Fax: +886-2-29312904

Received: July 17, 2014
Peer-review started: July 18, 2014
First decision: August 28, 2014
Revised: September 12, 2014
Accepted: December 16, 2014
Article in press: December 16, 2014
Published online: March 26, 2015
Processing time: 245 Days and 17.7 Hours

Core Tip

Core tip: Neurons are derived from embryonic stem cells (ESCs) and have been a focus of research recently, particularly because of their application in regenerative medicine. Here we review and summarize the signaling pathways that have been reported to be involved in neuronal differentiation of ESCs, mainly in vitro. The inducers and pathways explored include retinoic acid, Wnt/β-catenin, transforming growth factor/bone morphogenetic protein, Notch, fibroblast growth factor, cytokine, Hedgehog, c-Jun N-terminal kinase/mitogen-activated protein kinase and others. Some miscellaneous factors are also explored. Elucidating these signals in detail should make a significant contribution to future progress in stem cell biology and should also accelerate the application of stem cells in translational medicine.