Role of mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomal non-coding RNAs in bone and bone-related disorders

doi:10.4252/wjsc.v17.i10.111241

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Oct 26, 2025 (publication date) through Oct 27, 2025

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World Journal of Stem Cells

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1948-0210

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World J Stem Cells. Oct 26, 2025; 17(10): 111241
Published online Oct 26, 2025. doi: 10.4252/wjsc.v17.i10.111241

Role of mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomal non-coding RNAs in bone and bone-related disorders

Deekshaa Chidambaram, Velan Subashini, Muthuvairaprasath Nanthanalaxmi, Nagarajan Selvamurugan

Deekshaa Chidambaram, Velan Subashini, Muthuvairaprasath Nanthanalaxmi, Nagarajan Selvamurugan, Department of Biotechnology, School of Bioengineering, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur 603203, Tamil Nādu, India

Author contributions: Chidambaram D, Subashini V, and Nanthanalaxmi M wrote the manuscript; Selvamurugan N acquired funding for this project and edited and evaluated the manuscript. All authors approved the final version of the manuscript.

Supported by Anusandhan National Research Foundation, No. CRG/2023/000212.

Conflict-of-interest statement: All the authors report no relevant conflicts of interest for this article.

Open Access: This article is an open-access article that was selected by an in-house editor and fully peer-reviewed by external reviewers. It is distributed in accordance with the Creative Commons Attribution NonCommercial (CC BY-NC 4.0) license, which permits others to distribute, remix, adapt, build upon this work non-commercially, and license their derivative works on different terms, provided the original work is properly cited and the use is non-commercial. See: https://creativecommons.org/Licenses/by-nc/4.0/

Corresponding author: Nagarajan Selvamurugan, PhD, Professor, Department of Biotechnology, School of Bioengineering, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, SRM Nagar, Potheri, Kattankulathur 603203, Tamil Nādu, India. selvamun@srmist.edu.in

Received: June 26, 2025
Revised: August 13, 2025
Accepted: September 22, 2025
Published online: October 26, 2025
Processing time: 121 Days and 11 Hours

Abstract

Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are known for their ability to differentiate into various cell lineages, including osteoblasts (bone-forming cells), and for their significant paracrine effects. Among their secreted products, exosomes have gained considerable attention as nanoscale carriers of bioactive molecules such as non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs). These ncRNAs, including microRNAs, long ncRNAs, and circular ncRNAs, are critical regulators of gene expression and cellular functions. Moreover, MSC-derived exosomes not only offer advantages such as targeted delivery, reduced immunogenicity, and protection of cargo material, but also carry ncRNAs that have therapeutic and diagnostic potential in bone-related disorders. Emerging evidence has highlighted the role of MSC-derived exosomal ncRNAs in osteogenesis, bone remodeling, and intercellular signaling in the bone microenvironment. This review consolidates recent research on the role of MSC-derived exosomal ncRNAs in maintaining bone homeostasis and bone-related disorders via various signaling pathways and epigenetic modifications. Furthermore, we explore the therapeutic potential of MSC-derived exosomal ncRNAs as biomarkers and therapeutic targets. This comprehensive review offers key insights into the regulatory roles of MSC-derived exosomal ncRNAs in bone biology and their clinical significance in bone-related diseases.

Keywords: Mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomes; Non-coding RNAs; Bone disorders; Bone homeostasis; Signaling pathway

Core Tip: Mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomal non-coding RNAs, including microRNAs, long non-coding RNAs, and circular RNAs, play vital roles in regulating bone development, remodeling, and the pathogenesis of bone-related disorders. This review provides insights into their emerging roles in bone biology and disease, highlighting their therapeutic potential and underlying molecular mechanisms.