Atherogenic index of plasma in stroke: A comprehensive review of its diagnostic, prognostic, and pathophysiological significance

Table 1 Association of atherogenic index of plasma and other insulin resistance surrogate markers with ischemic stroke risk and outcomes

Ref.	IR surrogate	Effect estimate (OR/HR)	Associated stroke subtype	Population studied
Jiang et al[38], 2025; Zheng et al[9], 2023; Nam et al[34], 2024	Atherogenic index of plasma (AIP)	OR = 1.193; HR = 1.45; aOR = 3.60	General ischemic stroke, ICAS, LAA	Abnormal glucose metabolism, ICAS, general
Jiang et al[38], 2025; Wang et al[32], 2020; Nam et al[34], 2024	Triglyceride-glucose index (TyG)	OR = 1.246; HR = 1.32; aOR = 1.60	General ischemic stroke, ICAS	General population, LAA/ICAS
Jiang et al[38], 2025; Liu et al[42], 2025	Chinese visceral adiposity index (CVAI)	HR = 1.50 (moderate-high); HR = 2.15 (high-increasing)	Ischemic stroke (long-term CVAI trajectory)	Chinese adults with diabetes/prediabetes
Weng et al[45], 2023	Metabolic score for insulin resistance (METS-IR)	OR = 1.01 per unit increase	General ischemic stroke	United States adults, stronger in age < 60
Jiang et al[38], 2025; Zabala et al[44], 2021	Estimated glucose disposal rate (eGDR)	HR = 0.77 (4-6 mg/kg/minutes); HR = 0.68 (6-8 mg/kg/minutes); HR = 0.60 (≥ 8 mg/kg/minutes)	General ischemic stroke, T2DM	Chinese adults with diabetes, Swedish cohort with T2DM
Jiang et al[38], 2025	TyG-BMI	OR = 1.186 per SD increase	Not subtype-specific	Abnormal glucose metabolism

OR: Odds ratio; HR: Hazard ratio; aOR: Adjusted odds ratio; ICAS: Intracranial atherosclerosis; LAA: Large artery atherosclerosis; T2DM: Type 2 diabetes mellitus; BMI: Body mass index; CVAI: Chinese visceral adiposity index.