Risk factors and digital interventions for anxiety disorders in college students: Stakeholder perspectives

Table 1 Risk factors for college students' anxiety disorder from the perspective of different stakeholders

Stakeholders	Risk factors	Specific performance
Country and society	Socioeconomic conditions	Low socioeconomic status and large class differences[25,26]
		Economic difficulties[27]
		Low material standard of living[31]
	COVID-19 pandemic	Highly sudden and quick spreading[36]
		Misleading, negative information[37]
		Lack of coping experience[18]
		Learning[1,6], Graduation[9], Employment[41]
		Lack of interpersonal communication[18,40]
		Close friend or acquaintance diagnosed[18]
		Residence[18,41]
Colleges	Campus environment	Indoor environment design of colleges[43]
	Peer relationship	Drinking[47], School Bullying[49,50]
	Satisfaction with the college	Satisfaction with college culture[52]
		Low level of school functionality[53]
Families	Parenting style	Authoritarian parenting style[57]
		Hostility from the father[59]
		Mother's overprotection[59]
		Excessive parental expectations[22]
	Family relationship	Domestic violence[57]
		Verbal assault by parents[60]
		Family conflict[61], parents quarrel, separation[1]
	Educational level of parents	Father's low education level[22]
	Family function	Low level of family functioning[66]
College students	Biological factors	Gender issues[69]
		Older age[6,71]
	Lifestyle	Poor sleep quality, irregular diet, low frequency of transportation, obesity, smoking, alcohol consumption[52,72]
	Personality	Introverted personality[73]
		Low level of self-esteem and weak self-efficacy[1,74]

COVID-19: Coronavirus disease 2019.

Table 2 Digital interventions for college students' anxiety disorder from the perspective of different stakeholders

Stakeholders	Interventions
Country and society	Provide an enabling policy environment[22]
	Propose subsidies or grants[106]
	Establish clear and targeted regulatory standards and processes[109]
Colleges	Accept and actively introduce technology-based mental health resources[104]
	Conduct regular mental health screenings[104]
	Conduct preventive education[22]
	Form digital intervention teams[22]
Families	Create a good family atmosphere[113]
	Show concern about children's learning and living conditions[116]
	Active learning and understanding of digital interventions[117]
	Active participation in digital intervention research and practice[116]
College students	Proactively seeking psychological assistance[103]
	Active participation and cooperation with digital intervention exercises[103]