Study of extended-spectrum beta-lactamases and AmpC beta-lactamases producing Klebsiella from clinical samples in tertiary care hospital of Punjab

doi:10.5501/wjv.v15.i1.118602

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Mar 25, 2026 (publication date) through Mar 13, 2026

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World Journal of Virology

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Copyright: ©Author(s) 2026. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial (CC BY-NC 4.0) license. No commercial re-use. See permissions. Published by Baishideng Publishing Group Inc.

World J Virol. Mar 25, 2026; 15(1): 118602
Published online Mar 25, 2026. doi: 10.5501/wjv.v15.i1.118602

Table 1 Distribution of beta-lactamase producing Klebsiella isolates among various clinical specimens, n (%)

Specimen	ESBL producers (n = 77)	AmpC producers (n = 62)
Pus (n = 55)	35 (63.63)	27 (49)
Blood (n = 10)	6 (60)	2 (20)
Catheter tip (n = 1)	1 (100)	1 (100)
Body fluid (n = 21)	12 (57.1)	8 (38)
Endotracheal aspirate (n = 4)	3 (75)	4 (100)
Sputum (n = 12)	6 (50)	3 (25)
Urine (n = 27)	14 (51.8)	17 (62.96)
Total = 130	59.2%	47.7%

EBSL: Extended-spectrum beta-lactamases.

Full Size Table

Table 2 Antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of extended-spectrum beta-lactamases-producing vs non-extended-spectrum beta-lactamases-producing Klebsiella isolates, n (%)

Antibiotics	ESBL producers (n = 77)			Non ESBL producers (n = 53)			χ² statistics	P value
Antibiotics	Susceptible	Resistance	Intermediate	Susceptible	Resistance	Intermediate	χ² statistics	P value
Ampicillin	0 (0)	77 (100)	0 (0)	0 (0)	53 (100)	0 (0)	0	1
Amoxicillin	0 (0)	77 (100)	0 (0)	0 (0)	53 (100)	0 (0)	0	1
Amoxicillin-clavulanic acid	14 (18.2)	59 (76.6)	4 (5.2)	18 (33.9)	34 (64.1)	1 (1.9)	4.75	0.09
Cefotaxime	1 (1.3)	75 (97.4)	1 (1.3)	22 (41.5)	30 (56.6)	1 (1.9)	35.22	< 0.0001^a
Ceftazidime	1 (1.3)	76 (98.7)	0 (0)	23 (43.3)	30 (56.6)	0 (0)	37	< 0.0001^a
Ciproflaxacin	5 (6.5)	71 (92.2)	1 (1.3)	10 (18.9)	40 (75.4)	3 (5.6)	7.14	0.03^a
Gentamicin	46 (59.7)	31 (40.3)	0 (0)	35 (66.0)	17 (32.1)	1 (1.9)	2.22	0.33
Amikacin	38 (49.4)	35 (45.5)	4 (5.2)	25 (47.2)	23 (43.3)	5 (9.4)	0.88	0.64
Piperacillin-tazobactam	30 (39.0)	41 (53.2)	6 (7.8)	18 (34.0)	29 (54.7)	6 (11.3)	0.65	0.72
Meropenem	36 (46.8)	41 (53.2)	0 (0)	25 (47.2)	28 (52.8)	0 (0)	0	1
Imipenem	37 (48.1)	39 (50.6)	1 (1.3)	25 (47.2)	28 (52.8)	0 (0)	0.72	0.70
Nitrofurantoin¹	11 (78.6)	3 (21.4)	0 (0)	2 (15.4)	11 (84.6)	0 (0)	10.78	0.004^a
Norfloxacin¹	2 (14.3)	12 (85.7)	0 (0)	5 (38.5)	8 (61.5)	0 (0)	2.05	0.36

¹Norfloxacin and nitrofurantoin tested for urine specimens only (n = 14 extended-spectrum beta-lactamases producers; n = 13 non-extended-spectrum beta-lactamases producers).

^aP < 0.05.

EBSL: Extended-spectrum beta-lactamases.

Full Size Table

Table 3 Antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of AmpC producers vs non-AmpC producers among Klebsiella isolates, n (%)

Antibiotics	AmpC producers (n = 62)			Non AmpC producers (n = 68)			χ² statistics	P value
Antibiotics	Susceptible	Resistance	Intermediate	Susceptible	Resistance	Intermediate	χ² statistics	P value
Ampicillin	0 (0)	62 (100)	0 (0)	0 (0)	68 (100)	0 (0)	0	1
Amoxicillin	0 (0)	62 (100)	0 (0)	0 (0)	68 (100)	0 (0)	0	1
Amoxicillin-clavulanic acid	7 (11.29)	50 (80.64)	5 (8.06)	25 (36.76)	43 (63.23)	0 (0)	15.41	0.0005^a
Cefotaxime	8 (12.9)	52 (83.87)	2 (3.22)	15 (22.5)	53 (77.94)	0 (0)	3.87	0.14
Ceftazidime	9 (14.51)	53 (85.48)	0 (0)	15 (22.5)	53 (77.94)	0 (0)	1.23	0.54
Ciprofloxacin	4 (6.451)	57 (91.93)	1 (1.61)	11 (16.17)	54 (79.41)	3 (4.41)	4.08	0.13
Gentamicin	37 (59.67)	24 (38.70)	1 (1.61)	44 (64.70)	24 (35.29)	0 (0)	1.33	0.51
Amikacin	27 (43.54)	27 (43.54)	8 (12.9)	34 (50)	31 (45.58)	3 (4.41)	3.08	0.21
Piperacillin-tazobactam	19 (30.64)	39 (62.90)	4 (6.451)	29 (42.64)	31 (45.58)	8 (11.76)	4.06	0.13
Meropenem	23 (37.09)	39 (62.90)	0 (0)	38 (55.88)	30 (44.11)	0 (0)	4.6	0.10
Imipenem	23 (37.09)	38 (61.29)	1 (1.61)	39 (57.35)	29 (42.64)	0 (0)	6.07	0.04^a
Nitrofurantoin¹	3 (17.64)	14 (82.35)	0 (0)	2 (20)	8 (80)	0 (0)	0.02	0.99
Norfloxacin¹	5 (29.41)	12 (70.58)	0 (0)	2 (20)	8 (80)	0 (0)	0.29	0.86

¹Norfloxacin and nitrofurantoin tested for urine specimens only (n = 17 AmpC producers; n = 10 non-AmpC producers).

^aP value means significant.

Full Size Table

Citation: Kaur H, Arora S, Sharma V, Kaur K, Kamboj S. Study of extended-spectrum beta-lactamases and AmpC beta-lactamases producing Klebsiella from clinical samples in tertiary care hospital of Punjab. World J Virol 2026; 15(1): 118602
URL: https://www.wjgnet.com/2220-3249/full/v15/i1/118602.htm
DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.5501/wjv.v15.i1.118602