Gender, racial, and stage-specific trends in esophageal cancer: Insights from longitudinal population data

Table 1 Age-adjusted rates

Variables	Overall	Male	Female
Incidence [age-adjusted rate (95%CI) per 100000 people]
Sex
Male	4.1 (4.0-4.1)	N/A	N/A
Female	0.9 (0.9-1.0)	N/A	N/A
Race/ethnicity
NH White	2.7 (2.6-2.7)	4.6 (4.5-4.7)	1.0 (1.0-1.0)
NH Black	2.2 (2.1-2.3)	3.6 (3.4-3.8)	1.2 (1.4-1.4)
NH AI/AN	1.9 (2.6-3.3)	4.4 (3.8-5.1)	1.6 (1.3-2.0)
NH Asian/PI	1.5 (1.4-1.5)	2.6 (2.4-2.7)	0.6 (0.5-0.7)
Hispanic	1.7 (1.6-1.8)	3.1 (2.9-3.2)	0.6 (0.5-0.7)
Staging
In situ	0.0 (0.0-0.0)	0.0 (0.0-0.0)	0.0 (0.0-0.0)
Localized	0.5 (0.5-0.5)	0.9 (0.9-0.9)	0.2 (0.2-0.3)
Regional	0.8 (0.8-0.8)	1.4 (1.4-1.4)	0.4 (0.3-0.4)
Distant	1.0 (1.0-1.0)	1.8 (1.7-1.8)	0.3 (0.3-0.4)
Mortality [age-adjusted rate (95%CI) per 100000 people]
Sex
Male	3.4 (3.4-3.5)	N/A	N/A
Female	0.7 (0.7-0.8)	N/A	N/A
Race/ethnicity
NH White	2.1 (2.1-2.2)	3.8 (3.7-3.9)	0.8 (0.8-0.8)
NH Black	2.0 (1.9-2.1)	3.3 (3.1-3.5)	1.1 (1.0-1.2)
NH AI/AN	2.5 (2.2-2.8)	3.8 (3.2-4.5)	1.4 (1.1-1.8)
NH Asian/PI	1.2 (1.1-1.2)	2.1 (2.0-2.2)	0.4 (0.4-0.5)
Hispanic	1.4 (1.3-1.5)	2.6 (2.5-2.8)	0.5 (0.4-0.5)
Staging
In situ	0.0 (0.0-0.0)	0.0 (0.0-0.0)	0.0 (0.0-0.0)
Localized	0.4 (0.3-0.4)	0.6 (0.6-0.7)	0.2 (0.2-0.2)
Regional	0.6 (0.6-0.7)	1.1 (1.1-1.2)	0.3 (0.2-0.3)
Distant	0.9 (0.9-0.9)	1.6 (1.6-1.7)	0.3 (0.3-0.3)

AI/AN: American Indian/Alaskan Native; N/A: Not applicable; NH: Non-Hispanic; PI: Pacific Islander; CI: Confidence interval.

Table 2 Annual percent change in age-adjusted incidence rates of esophageal cancer by race/ethnicity and stage at diagnosis stratified by sex

	Male	P value	Female	P value
Incidence [annual % change (95%CI)]
Race/ethnicity
NH White	-0.75 (-1.13 to -0.28)	0.004	-0.11 (-1.17 to 0.92)	0.79
NH Black	-3.54 (-4.74 to -2.33)	< 0.001	-3.40 (-5.29 to -1.41)	0.003
NH AI/AN	-0.62 (-2.28 to 1.40)	0.56	-1.88 (-3.41 to -0.077)	0.039
NH Asian/PI	1.67 (-2.06 to 6.52)	0.31	-2.67 (-6.80 to 2.17)	0.27
Hispanic	-0.97 (-2.71 to 1.07)	0.35	-0.064 (-2.27 to 2.60)	0.95
Staging
In situ	N/A		N/A
Localized	-2.76 (-4.24 to -1.58)	< 0.001	-1.98 (-4.48 to 0.12)	0.059
Regional	-0.73 (-1.81 to 0.32)	0.14	-0.40 (-1.39 to 0.56)	0.39
Distant	-0.43 (-1.00 to 0.13)	0.12	-14.096 (-2.54 to 0.35)	0.12
Mortality [annual % change (95%CI)]
Race/ethnicity
NH White	1.03 (-0.22 to 2.39)	0.11	0.65 (-0.60 to 2.01)	0.32
NH Black	-1.98 (-4.36 to 0.67)	0.14	-0.78 (-2.97 to 1.53)	0.51
NH AI/AN	3.09 (-0.53 to 8.28)	0.091	-0.091 (-4.68 to 6.73)	0.83
NH Asian/PI	-0.14 (-1.64 to 1.65)	0.95	-0.67 (-3.02 to 2.52)	0.76
Hispanic	0.50 (-0.63 to 1.81)	0.36	2.24 (0.42-4.99)	0.021
Staging
In situ	N/A		N/A
Localized	0.71 (-0.82 to 2.39)	0.35	0.23 (-1.62 to 2.30)	0.82
Regional	0.92 (-0.39 to 2.42)	0.17	0.86 (-0.50 to 2.36)	0.22
Distant	0.22 (-1.00 to 1.47)	0.68	-0.051 (-1.39 to 1.49)	0.93

AI/AN: American Indian/Alaskan Native; N/A: Not applicable; NH: Non-Hispanic; PI: Pacific Islander; CI: Confidence interval.

Table 3 Incidence rate ratios to associate the rate of esophageal cancer incidence with age, sex, race and stage at diagnosis

Variables	Overall [IRR (95%CI)]	P value	Males [IRR (95%CI)]	P value	Females [IRR (95%CI)]	P value
Age
< 20	Reference	< 0.001	Reference	< 0.001	Reference	< 0.001
20-29	1.13 (0.97-1.32)		1.21 (0.97-1.49)		1.06 (0.84-1.32)
30-39	1.71 (1.48-1.97)		2.21 (1.82-2.68)		1.21 (0.97-1.50)
40-49	4.98 (4.40-5.64)		7.61 (6.42-9.02)		2.34 (1.93-2.83)
50-59	16.6 (14.8-18.6)		26.2 (22.3-31.8)		6.88 (5.79-8.16)
60-69	28.5 (25.4-31.9)		45.8 (39.0-53.8)		11.1 (9.38-13.1)
70-79	25.2 (22.4-28.3)		37.9 (32.3-44.6)		12.3 (10.4-14.5)
80 +	15.4 (13.7-17.3)		20.8 (17.7-24.5)		9.88 (8.35-11.7)
Sex
Male	Reference	< 0.001	N/A		N/A
Female	0.32 (0.31-0.33)		N/A		N/A
Race
NH White	Reference	< 0.001	Reference	< 0.001	Reference	< 0.001
NH Black	0.12 (0.11-0.12)		0.096 (0.091-0.10)		0.19 (0.18-0.21)
NH American Indian/Alaskan Native	0.04 (0.036-0.042)		0.028 (0.026-0.031)		0.077 (0.068-0.086)
NH Asian/Pacific Islander	0.13 (0.13-0.14)		0.12 (0.11-0.13)		0.17 (0.15-0.18)
Hispanic	0.15 (0.14-0.15)		0.14 (0.14-0.15)		0.16 (0.14-0.18)
Staging
In situ	Reference	< 0.001	Reference	< 0.001	Reference	< 0.001
Localized	2.47 (2.35-2.58)		3.68 (3.46-3.93)		1.24 (1.15-1.34)
Regional	3.81 (3.64-3.98)		5.85 (5.50-6.22)		1.76 (1.64-1.89)
Distant	4.57 (4.37-4.78)		7.43 (6.99-7.89)		1.71 (1.59-1.84)
Year of diagnosis	1.09 (1.08-1.09)	< 0.001	1.09 (1.09-1.10)	< 0.001	1.08 (1.08-1.08)	< 0.001

Poisson regression adjusting for all other variables. IRR: Incidence rate ratio; N/A: Not applicable; NH: Non-Hispanic; CI: Confidence interval.

Table 4 Incidence rate ratios to associate the rate of esophageal cancer mortality with age, sex, race and stage at diagnosis

Variables	Overall [IRR (95%CI)]	P value	Males [IRR (95%CI)]	P value	Females [IRR (95%CI)]	P value
Age
< 20	Reference	< 0.001	Reference	< 0.001	Reference	< 0.001
20-29	1.06 (0.90-1.24)		1.09 (0.88-1.37)		1.03 (0.81-1.28)
30-39	1.42 (1.22-1.65)		1.70 (1.39-2.09)		1.14 (0.92-1.41)
40-49	3.42 (3.01-3.89)		5.17 (4.34-6.15)		1.66 (1.36-2.04)
50-59	11.4 (10.1-12.8)		18.1 (15.4-21.4)		4.64 (3.88-5.53)
60-69	20.9 (18.7-23.5)		33.9 (28.9-39.8)		7.89 (6.66-9.35)
70-79	21.1 (18.8-23.7)		32.2 (27.4-37.9)		9.98 (8.43-11.8)
80 +	16.6 (14.9-18.9)		23.3 (19.8-27.4)		10.3 (8.70-12.2)
Sex
Male	Reference	< 0.001	N/A		N/A
Female	0.32 (0.31-0.33)		N/A		N/A
Race
NH White	Reference	< 0.001	Reference	< 0.001	Reference	< 0.001
NH Black	0.13 (0.12-0.14)		0.11 (0.10-0.11)		0.21 (0.19-0.23)
NH American Indian/Alaskan Native	0.045 (0.042-0.049)		0.032 (0.029-0.036)		0.091 (0.081-0.10)
NH Asian/Pacific Islander	0.13 (0.13-0.14)		0.12 (0.12-0.13)		0.17 (0.15-0.18)
Hispanic	0.15 (0.15-0.16)		0.15 (0.14-0.15)		0.17 (0.16-0.19)
Staging
In situ	Reference	< 0.001	Reference	< 0.001	Reference	< 0.001
Localized	1.60 (1.52-1.68)		2.36 (2.21-2.53)		0.84 (0.77-0.91)
Regional	2.91 (2.78-3.05)		4.53 (4.25-4.82)		1.30 (1.20-1.40)
Distant	4.16 (3.98-4.35)		6.76 (6.37-7.19)		1.56 (1.45-1.67)
Year of diagnosis	1.10 (1.09-1.10)	-	1.10 (1.10-1.11)	-	-	-

Poisson regression adjusting for all other variables. IRR: Incidence rate ratio; N/A: Not applicable; NH: Non-Hispanic; CI: Confidence interval.