Integrated hepatic transcriptome and metabolome reveal the mechanisms of Jiangtang Tiaozhi formula on improving glycolipid metabolic disorder

doi:10.4239/wjd.v17.i2.111453

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Feb 15, 2026 (publication date) through Feb 9, 2026

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World Journal of Diabetes

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1948-9358

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Baishideng Publishing Group Inc, 7041 Koll Center Parkway, Suite 160, Pleasanton, CA 94566, USA

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World J Diabetes. Feb 15, 2026; 17(2): 111453
Published online Feb 15, 2026. doi: 10.4239/wjd.v17.i2.111453

Table 1 Forward and reverse primer sequences for real-time polymerase chain reaction

Gene name	Forward	Reverse
Cry1	TACTGAGGCTGGCGTGGAA	AGTGGCTCCATCTTGCTGACG
Ces2a	CTAAATCTGGTGTCCATGCCTTC	ATTCATTTCCTTCGCATCCTCT
Ces1d	CATTGCTGGTCTGGTTGCTACT	TGCTTGTTGATGCCCACTATGT
Gpnmb	GCCAAGCGATTTCGTGATGT	AGTCCTTCCACCTGCCGTCT
Cidea	GTCCTACTGACCCCCCTCATA	TCCTCCAGCACCAGCGTAA
Gprc5b	TGGCAAGTTCAAACGGTGG	TGGGAGAAGGGTGTAGTGGAT
Fabp4	GTGATGCCTTTGTGGGAACC	CCAGTTTGAAGGAAATCTCGGT
Fabp3	GACCAAGCCTACTACCATCATCG	TGAGTTTGCCTCCGTCCAGC
Cry1	TACTGAGGCTGGCGTGGAA	AGTGGCTCCATCTTGCTGACG

Full Size Table

Table 2 The specific information of these potential genes

No.	Gene ID	Gene name	Model vs control		JTTZF vs model		Pathway
No.	Gene ID	Gene name	log₂FC	Trend	log₂FC	Trend	Pathway
1	ENSMUSG00000020038	Cry1	-1.65	D^b	1.92	U^b
2	ENSMUSG00000055730	Ces2a	-3.09	D^b	1.64	U^b	Pathway¹
3	ENSMUSG00000056973	Ces1d	-1.91	D^b	1.91	U^b
4	ENSMUSG00000029816	Gpnmb	3.55	U^b	-2.79	D^b
5	ENSMUSG00000024526	Cidea	4.14	U^b	-2.99	D^b
6	ENSMUSG00000008734	Gprc5b	1.73	U^b	-2.15	D^b
7	ENSMUSG00000062515	Fabp4	1.52	U^b	-1.58	D^b	Pathway²^,³
8	ENSMUSG00000028773	Fabp3	4.51	U^b	-2.90	D^b	Pathway²

^bP < 0.01.

¹Drug metabolism other enzymes.

²Peroxisome proliferators-activated receptor signaling pathway.

³Regulation of lipolysis in adipocytes.

JTTZF: Jiangtang Tiaozhi formula; D: Down-regulated; U: Up-regulated; FC: Fold change.

Full Size Table

Table 3 The endogenous metabolites associated with glycolipid metabolic disorder

No.	Formula	RT (minute)	m/z	Metabolites	Ion mode	Model vs control			JTTZF vs model
No.	Formula	RT (minute)	m/z	Metabolites	Ion mode	VIP	FC	Trend	VIP	FC	Trend
1	C₂₃H₄₅NO₄	7.12	400.34	Palmitoylcarnitine	ESI +	2.47	6.69	U^b	2.45	0.26	D^a
2	C₂₃H₄₄NO₄	6.80	398.33	ACar 16:1	ESI +	1.88	4.10	U^b	2.42	0.27	D^a
3	C₂₅H₄₈NO₄	7.25	426.36	ACar 18:1	ESI +	2.26	6.38	U^b	2.11	0.28	D^a
4	C₂₁H₄₂NO₄	6.67	372.31	ACar 14:0	ESI +	1.21	2.22	U^b	2.54	0.34	D^a
5	C₂₈H₅₄NO₄	7.89	468.40	ACar 21:1	ESI +	2.34	11.32	U^b	1.55	0.27	D^a
6	C₁₀H₁₄N₅O₇P	1.60	348.07	Adenosine 5’-monophosphate	ESI +	1.02	0.41	D^b	1.22	0.45	D^a
7	C₂₆H₄₈NO₇P	8.34	562.32	LPC 18:3	ESI -	1.68	0.44	D^b	1.68	1.82	U^a
8	C₂₆H₅₀NO₈P	7.06	536.33	PC (5:0/13:1)	ESI +	2.54	0.38	D^b	1.89	1.74	U^a
9	C₂₃H₄₀NO₇P	7.90	472.25	LPE 18:4	ESI -	2.25	0.21	D^b	1.53	2.25	U^a
10	C₂₅H₄₄NO₄	6.72	422.33	ACar 18:3	ESI +	1.23	2.69	U^b	2.46	0.32	D^a
11	C₂₃H₄₂NO₇P	8.32	474.26	LPE 18:3	ESI -	1.55	0.37	D^b	1.31	1.89	U^a
12	C₂₆H₅₂NO₄	7.78	442.39	ACar 19:0	ESI +	2.06	3.17	U^b	2.18	0.38	D^a
13	C₂₆H₅₂NO₈P	8.43	538.35	PC (9:0/9:0)	ESI +	1.04	1.50	U^a	2.19	0.55	D^a
14	C₂₅H₄₆NO₄	6.95	424.34	ACar 18:2	ESI +	1.34	2.19	U^b	2.38	0.41	D^a
15	C₂₂H₄₄NO₇P	7.72	466.29	LPC 14:1	ESI +	1.84	0.46	D^b	1.64	1.66	U^a
16	C₁₀H₁₅N₅O₁₀P₂	1.47	428.04	Adenosine diphosphate	ESI +	1.28	0.33	U^b	1.20	0.36	D^a
17	C₉H₉NO₃	5.35	132.04	Hippuric acid	ESI -	1.42	0.42	D^b	1.63	2.09	U^a
18	C₂₈H₅₀NO₈P	7.62	560.34	PC (4:0/16:3)	ESI +	1.13	0.67	D^a	2.27	2.03	U^a
19	C₂₉H₄₆NO₄	6.93	472.34	ACar 22:6	ESI +	1.96	3.10	U^b	2.00	0.52	D^b
20	C₅H₁₀O₅	1.41	149.05	D-Ribose	ESI -	1.60	1.87	U^b	1.86	0.61	D^b
21	C₄H₈O₃	2.79	105.06	2-hydroxybutyric acid	ESI +	1.15	1.69	U^b	2.07	0.62	D^b
22	C₂₁H₃₀O₂	9.29	315.23	Progesterone	ESI +	1.02	2.15	U^b	2.02	0.60	D^b
23	C₂₃H₄₄NO₇P	7.40	478.29	LysoPE 18:2	ESI +	1.09	0.65	D^a	1.45	1.52	U^b
24	C₂₄H₄₅O₉P	8.26	507.27	LPG 18:2	ESI +	1.01	1.82	U^a	1.16	0.60	D^b
25	C₂₆H₄₆NO₇P	7.72	516.31	LPC 18:4	ESI +	1.99	0.10	D^b	1.07	2.44	U^b

^aP < 0.05.

^bP < 0.01.

JTTZF: Jiangtang Tiaozhi formula; D: Down-regulated; U: Up-regulated; FC: Fold change; VIP: Variable important in projection; RT: Retention time; ESI: Electrospray ionization; ACar: Acetyl carnitine; LPC: Lysophosphatidyl choline; PC: Phosphatidylcholine; LPE: Lysophhosphatidyl ethanolamine; LysoPE: Lysophosphatidyl ethanolamine; LPG: Lysophosphatidyl glycerol.

Full Size Table

Citation: Tian JX, Zhang YJ, Zhang YX, Wei JH, Fang XY, Miao RY, Ma KL, Guan HF, Wang XM, Wu HR. Integrated hepatic transcriptome and metabolome reveal the mechanisms of Jiangtang Tiaozhi formula on improving glycolipid metabolic disorder. World J Diabetes 2026; 17(2): 111453
URL: https://www.wjgnet.com/1948-9358/full/v17/i2/111453.htm
DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.4239/wjd.v17.i2.111453