Copyright: ©Author(s) 2026. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial (CC BY-NC 4.0) license. No commercial re-use. See permissions. Published by Baishideng Publishing Group Inc.
World J Stem Cells. Apr 26, 2026; 18(4): 117707
Published online Apr 26, 2026. doi: 10.4252/wjsc.v18.i4.117707
Published online Apr 26, 2026. doi: 10.4252/wjsc.v18.i4.117707
Hypoxia-conditioned extracellular vesicles from human amniotic membrane stem cells attenuate D-galactose-induced aging in mice
Khan-Erdene Tsolmon, Zolzaya Bavuu, Yun-Bae Kim, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28644, Chungbuk, South Korea
Solar Sora Kim, High-Technology Research Institute, ThanEver Inc., Daejeon 34054, South Korea
Heon-Sang Jeong, Department of Food Science and Technology, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28644, Chungbuk, South Korea
Dongsun Park, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Gangwon, South Korea
Co-first authors: Khan-Erdene Tsolmon and Zolzaya Bavuu.
Author contributions: Tsolmon KE and Bavuu Z performed animal experiments and analyzed brain & muscle tissues, they contributed equally to this manuscript and are co-first authors; Kim SS and Jeong HS prepared extracellular vesicles and analyzed; Park D collected and analyzed data; Kim YB designed and interpreted the study, and wrote the manuscript.
Supported by the Regional Innovation System & Education Global University 30 Program Through the Chungbuk Regional Innovation System & Education Center, No. 2025-RISE-11-014.
Institutional review board statement: All human tissues were obtained with the approval of the Institutional Review Board of Korea University Anam Hospital (Approval No. 2020AN0305).
Institutional animal care and use committee statement: All protocols and procedures of animal experiments complied with the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee of Chungbuk National University (Approval No. CBNUA-24-0021-01).
Conflict-of-interest statement: All the authors report no relevant conflicts of interest for this article.
ARRIVE guidelines statement: The authors have read the ARRIVE guidelines, and the manuscript was prepared and revised according to the ARRIVE guidelines.
Data sharing statement: None data sharing.
Corresponding author: Yun-Bae Kim, PhD, Professor, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, 1 Chungdaero (Gaesin-dong), Cheongju 28644, Chungbuk, South Korea. solar93@cbu.ac.kr
Received: December 15, 2025
Revised: January 17, 2026
Accepted: March 9, 2026
Published online: April 26, 2026
Processing time: 127 Days and 19.5 Hours
Revised: January 17, 2026
Accepted: March 9, 2026
Published online: April 26, 2026
Processing time: 127 Days and 19.5 Hours
Core Tip
Core Tip: We obtained a large amount of extracellular vesicles containing high concentrations of growth factors and neurotrophic factors via hypoxic cultivation of amniotic membrane stem cells. The extracellular vesicles ameliorated physical and cognitive dysfunctions by recovering anti-aging factors and energy sources, in the brain and muscles, such as brain-derived neurotrophic factor, sirtuin 1, glycogen, acetylcholine, and antioxidation.