Serum uric acid-to-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol ratio and cardiovascular risk in Asian patients with metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease

Table 1 Clinical characteristics of participants classified according to Framingham risk score, n (%)

Variables	Total (n = 3901)	Low risk (n = 1052)	Intermediate/high risk (n = 2849)	P value
Gender				< 0.001
Male	2998 (76.9)	504 (47.9)	2494 (87.5)
Female	903 (23.1)	548 (52.1)	355 (12.5)
Age (years)	55 (49, 60)	50 (44, 56)	57 (51, 62)	< 0.001
BMI (kg/m2)	26.210 (24.530, 28.200)	25.575 (23.970, 27.408)	26.470 (24.770, 28.390)	< 0.001
Central obesity				<0.001
Yes	2272 (58.2)	444 (42.2)	1828 (64.2)
No	1629 (41.8)	608 (57.8)	1021 (35.8)
SBP (mmHg)	129 (119, 139)	121 (113, 130)	131 (122, 141)	< 0.001
DBP (mmHg)	77 (71, 84)	75 (69, 81)	79 (72, 85)	< 0.001
Smoking				< 0.001
Yes	1799 (46.1)	111 (10.6)	1688 (59.2)
No	2102 (53.9)	941 (89.4)	1161 (40.8)
Hypertension				< 0.001
Yes	2450 (62.8)	380 (36.1)	2070 (72.7)
No	1451 (37.2)	672 (63.9)	779 (27.3)
Diabetes				< 0.001
Yes	1271 (32.6)	119 (11.3)	1152 (40.4)
No	2630 (67.4)	933 (88.7)	1697 (62.7)
Hyperlipidemia				< 0.001
Yes	2841 (72.8)	706 (67.1)	2135 (74.9)
No	1060 (27.2)	346 (32.9)	714 (25.1)
MetS				< 0.001
Yes	1408 (36.1)	137 (13.0)	1271 (44.6)
No	2493 (63.9)	915 (87.0)	1578 (55.4)
FBG (mmol/L)	5.520 (5.120, 6.220)	5.270 (4.970, 5.660)	5.650 (5.190, 6.550)	< 0.001
HbAlc	5.800 (5.500, 6.200)	5.700 (5.500, 5.900)	5.900 (5.600, 6.300)	< 0.001
TG (mmol/L)	1.800 (1.280, 2.575)	1.600 (1.140, 2.238)	1.880 (1.340, 2.720)	< 0.001
TC (mmol/L)	4.970 (4.370, 5.640)	4.980 (4.420, 5.670)	4.970 (4.340, 5.640)	0.351
LDL-C (mmol/L)	3.000 (2.560, 3.480)	2.990 (2.600, 3.488)	3.000 (2.550, 3.480)	0.427
HDL-C (mmol/L)	1.190 (1.050, 1.380)	1.280 (1.110, 1.450)	1.160 (1.030, 1.340)	< 0.001
BUN (mmol/L)	5.490 (4.770, 6.360)	5.265 (4.590, 6.110)	5.590 (4.840, 6.450)	< 0.001
SUA (μmol/L)	366.000 (312.950, 421.550)	338.100 (287.550, 396.575)	374.200 (324.950, 430.750)	< 0.001
Cr (μmol/L)	74.900 (65.000, 84.200)	68.400 (57.325, 79.275)	76.700 (68.300, 85.300)	< 0.001
UHR (μmol/L/ mmol/L)	304.646 (240.567, 379.099)	264.235 (209.028, 332.826)	320.263 (254.204, 395.221)	< 0.001
MASLD				0.002
Mild	3217 (82.5)	901 (85.6)	2316 (81.3)
Moderate/severe	684 (17.5)	151 (14.4)	533 (18.7)

BMI: Body mass index; SBP: Systolic blood pressure; DBP: Diastolic blood pressure; MetS: Metabolic syndrome; FBG: Fasting blood glucose; HbAlc: Glycosylated hemoglobin; TG: Triglycerides; TC: Total cholesterol; LDL-C: Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; HDL-C: High-density lipoprotein cholesterol; BUN: Blood urea nitrogen; SUA: Serum uric acid; Cr: Serum creatinine; UHR: Uric acid to high-density lipoprotein cholesterol ratio; MASLD: Metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease.

Table 2 Performance of serum uric acid to high-density lipoprotein cholesterol ratio and conventional biomarkers in predicting intermediate/high cardiovascular risk by Framingham risk score, %

Variables	AUC	95%CI	Sensitivity	Specificity	Optimal cutoff	P value
UHR	0.655	(0.635, 0.674)	61.4	62.5	291.739	< 0.0001
SUA	0.626	(0.607, 0.646)	62.6	56.7	350.650	< 0.0001
HDL-C	0.617	(0.598, 0.637)	55.6	64.8	1.195	< 0.0001
TG	0.597	(0.577, 0.617)	52.9	61.1	1.815	< 0.0001

AUC: Area under the curve; CI: Confidence interval; UHR: Uric acid to high-density lipoprotein cholesterol ratio; SUA: Serum uric acid; HDL-C: High-density lipoprotein cholesterol; TG: Triglycerides.