Risk factors with nomogram construction for moderate to severe pain after endoscopic full-thickness resection

Table 1 Univariate analysis, n (%)

Variables	Severe postoperative pain		χ2/t	P value
	No (n = 145)	Yes (n = 27)
Age (years)
18-39	11 (7.6)	7 (25.9)	-	0.118
40-49	19 (13.1)	2 (7.4)	-	-
50-59	45 (31.0)	6 (22.2)	-	-
60-69	55 (37.9)	10 (37.0)	-	-
70-79	15 (10.3)	2 (7.4)	-	-
Gender
Male	56 (38.6)	10 (37.0)	< 0.001	1
Female	89 (61.4)	17 (62.0)	-	-
Smoking (years)
No	105 (72.4)	21 (77.8)	0.117	0.733
Yes	40 (27.6)	6 (22.2)	-	-
Drinking
No	109 (64.6)	23 (69.8)	0.779	0.377
Yes	36 (32.0)	4 (23.9)	-	-
History of surgery
No	79 (54.5)	16 (59.2)	0.061	0.805
Yes	66 (45.5)	11 (40.7)	-	-
History of endoscopic surgical
No	99 (68.2)	18 (66.7)	< 0.001	1
Yes	46 (31.7)	9 (33.3)	-	-
History of diabetes
No	127 (87.6)	22 (81.5)	-	0.368
Yes	18 (12.4)	5 (18.5)	-	-
History of hypertension
No	92 (63.5)	20 (74.1)	0.712	0.399
Yes	53 (36.6)	7 (25.9)	-	-
Additional endoscopic therapy
No	99 (68.2)	21 (77.8)	0.576	0.448
Yes	46 (31.7)	6 (22.2)	-	-
Lesion size
< 1	65 (44.8)	6 (22.2)	-	0.003
1 ≤ x < 2	47 (32.4)	9 (33.3)	-	-
2 ≤ x < 3	22 (15.2)	3 (11.11)	-	-
≥ 3	11 (7.6)	9 (33.3)	-	-
Gastric body	61 (42.1)	18 (66.7)	-	0.101
Gastric fundus	61 (42.1)	5 (18.5)	-	-
Gastric antrum	6 (4.1)	2 (7.4)	-	-
Antrum-body junction	5 (3.5)	1 (3.7)	-	-
Cardia	6 (4.1)	0 (0)	-	-
Duodenum	6 (4.1)	1 (3.7)	-	-
PONV
No	137 (94.5)	24 (88.9)	-	0.382
Yes	8 (5.5)	3 (11.1)	-	-
Preoperative K+
No	132 (91.0)	23 (85.2)	-	0.312
Yes	13 (8.9)	4 (14.8)	-	-
Fever
No	128 (88.3)	23 (85.2)	-	0.748
Yes	17 (11.7)	4 (14.8)	-	-
Catheterization
No	131 (90.3)	26(96.3)	-	0.471
Yes	14 (9.7)	1 (3.7)	-	-
Abdominal wall puncture
No	132 (91.0)	23 (85.2)	-	0.312
Yes	13 (8.9)	4 (14.8)	-	-
Closure technique
Hemostatic clip	115 (79.3)	15 (55.6)	5.732	0.017
Purse-string suture	30 (20.7)	12 (44.4)	-	-
Histological type
Mesenchymal tumors	130 (89.7)	18 (66.7)	-	0.003
Neurogenic tumors	7 (4.8)	4 (14.8)	-	-
Dysplasia	4 (2.8)	0 (0)	-	-
Benign lesion	4 (2.8)	5 (18.5)	-	-
BMI, mean ± SD	23.8 (IQR 4.79)	22.6 (IQR 3.09)	-	0.028
Duration of surgery (minute), mean ± SD	44 (IQR 32)	73 (IQR 84)	-	0.002

PONV: Postoperative nausea and vomiting; BMI: Body mass index; IQR: Interquartile range.

Table 2 Multivariate logistic regression analysis

Variable	OR	Lower 95%CI	Upper 95%CI	P value
(Intercept)	5.521	0.212	144.005	0.3045
BMI	0.828	0.719	0.954	0.0091
Lesion size 1	2.072	0.643	6.68	0.2226
Lesion size 2	1.351	0.262	6.953	0.7191
Lesion size 3	12.01	3.025	47.684	0.0004
Histological type 1	3.306	0.68	16.083	0.1384
Histological type 2	0	0	Inf	0.9902
Histological type 3	12.121	2.696	54.488	0.0011

CI: Confidence interval; OR: Odds ratio; BMI: Body mass index; Inf: Infinity.