Effects of mindful breathing combined with sleep-inducing exercises in patients with insomnia

Table 1 Comparison of baseline characteristics of insomnia patients in the treatment group and control group

Characteristic	Treatment, n = 40	Control, n = 40
Age in yr, mean ± SD	52.4 ± 11.5	51.3 ± 10.2
Male sex, n/total n (%)	13/40 (32.5)	15/40 (37.5)
Married, n/total n (%)	37/40 (92.5)	38/40 (95)
University graduate, n/total n (%)	32/40 (80)	34/40 (85)

SD: Standard deviation.

Table 2 Patient group Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index score comparison before intervention

Group	Sleep quality	Sleep latency	Sleep duration	Sleep efficiency	Sleep disturbance	Hypnotic medication	Daytime dysfunction
Treatment group, n = 40	2.83 ± 0.39	2.93 ± 0.42	2.93 ± 0.27	2.80 ± 0.41	2.70 ± 0.46	1.08 ± 0.83	2.53 ± 0.64
Control group, n = 40	2.70 ± 0.46	2.90 ± 0.30	2.93 ± 0.27	2.75 ± 0.44	2.73 ± 0.45	1.23 ± 1.00	2.63 ± 0.54
t	-1.311	-0.391	0.000	-0.530	0.244	0.731	0.755
P value	0.194	0.697	1.000	0.598	0.808	0.467	0.452

Table 3 Patient group Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index score comparison 1 wk after intervention

Group	Sleep quality	Sleep latency	Sleep duration	Sleep efficiency	Sleep disturbance	Daytime dysfunction
Treatment group, n = 40	0.98 ± 0.36	2.55 ± 0.50	1.60 ± 0.63	1.75 ± 0.54	1.70 ± 0.56	1.63 ± 0.54
Control group, n = 40	1.05 ± 0.50	2.68 ± 0.47	1.60 ± 0.59	1.83 ± 0.45	1.70 ± 0.52	1.70 ± 0.46
t	0.769	0.391	0.000	0.675	0.000	0.666
P value	0.445	0.697	1.000	0.502	1.000	0.507

Table 4 Patient group Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index score comparison 1 mo after intervention

Group	Sleep quality	Sleep latency	Sleep duration	Sleep efficiency	Sleep disturbance	Hypnotic medication use	Daytime dysfunction
Treatment group, n = 40	0.95 ± 0.32	2.20 ± 0.41	1.48 ± 0.64	2.25 ± 0.59	1.50 ± 0.56	2.70 ± 0.79	1.55 ± 0.60
Control group, n = 40	1.28 ± 0.51	2.73 ± 0.45	2.40 ± 0.63	1.68 ± 0.47	2.39 ± 0.49	2.60 ± 0.84	2.38 ± 0.54
t	3.446	5.469	6.502	-4.812	7.475	-0.548	6.481
P value	< 0.001	< 0.001	< 0.001	< 0.001	< 0.001	< 0.001	< 0.001

Table 5 Patient group Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index score comparison 3 mo after intervention

Group	Sleep quality	Sleep latency	Sleep duration	Sleep efficiency	Sleep disturbance	Hypnotic medication use	Daytime dysfunction
Treatment group, n = 40	0.98 ± 0.48	1.98 ± 0.53	1.53 ± 0.60	2.35 ± 0.58	1.68 ± 0.53	0.53 ± 0.64	1.43 ± 0.50
Control group, n = 40	1.60 ± 0.63	2.80 ± 0.41	2.70 ± 0.56	1.63 ± 0.49	2.35 ± 0.53	0.93 ± 0.80	2.48 ± 0.51
t	4.980	7.817	9.037	-6.040	5.700	2.475	9.332
P value	< 0.001	< 0.001	< 0.001	< 0.001	< 0.001	< 0.001	< 0.001

Table 6 Patient group Generalized Anxiety Disorder 7-item scale total score comparison before and after interventions

Group	Before intervention	After intervention
		1 wk	1 mo	3 mo
Treatment group, n = 40	12.20 ± 4.07	5.60 ± 1.87	3.38 ± 1.68	2.75 ± 1.50
Control group, n = 40	11.18 ± 1.97	4.98 ± 1.75	6.05 ± 1.80	7.15 ± 2.28
t	-1.431	-1.547	6.888	10.195
P value	0.156	0.126	< 0.001	< 0.001

Table 7 Patient group Insomnia Severity Index score comparison before and after interventions

Group	Before intervention	After intervention
		1 wk	1 mo	3 mo
Treatment group, n = 40	22.13 ± 3.30	10.63 ± 1.96	5.75 ± 1.28	8.68 ± 2.26
Control group, n = 40	21.38 ± 2.88	11.95 ± 1.05	7.40 ± 2.45	3.38 ± 1.76
t	-1.083	-0.974	3.781	-11.699
P value	0.282	0.333	< 0.001	< 0.001