Chronic musculoskeletal pain disorder and its associated mental health conditions, comorbidities and psychosocial risk predictors

Table 1 Demographic and treatment trials’ characteristics of the studied patients, n (%)/mean ± SD

Demographics	Patients (n = 160)
Gender
Male	30 (18.75)
Female	130 (81.25)
Age (years)	46.63 ± 6.23
Range	20-60
Age groups
20-30 years	13 (18.13)
31-40 years	26 (16.25)
41-50 years	86 (53.75)
51-60 years	35 (21.88)
Marital status
Single	20 (12.5)
Married	90 (56.25)
Widow	30 (18.75)
Divorced	20 (12.5)
Residence
Rural	100 (62.5)
Urban	60 (37.5)
Socioeconomic status
Middle	110 (68.75)
High	50 (31.25)
Body mass index
Normal	60 (37.5)
Overweight	60 (37.5)
Obese	40 (25)
Occupation1
For males (n = 30)
Labor work	30 (100)
For females (n = 130)
Housewife	110 (84.62)
Worker	20 (15.38)
Comorbid medical conditions
Iron deficiency anemia	64 (40)
Hypothyroidism	27 (16.88)
Treatment trials to relief pain
Pharmacological
NSAIDs	160 (100)
Muscle relaxants	25 (15.63)
Systemic steroids	60 (37.5)
Local steroids/anesthetics	20 (12.5)
Antidepressants	90 (56.25)
Antiepileptic drugs	60 (18.75)
Sleep inducing medications	75 (46.88)
Substance abuse	20 (66.67)
Non-pharmacological
Physiotherapy	45 (28.13)
Acupuncture	30 (15.63)
Folk remedies	90 (56)
Psychotherapy	0

¹Percentages were calculated in relation to gender.

NSAIDs: Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs.

Table 2 Results of psychiatric evaluation, n (%)/range/mean ± SD

Psychiatric manifestations	Patients (n = 160)
Comorbid psychiatric disorders
Non-specific anxiety disorder	70 (43.75)
Major depression	60 (37.5)
Family history of primary chronic pain
Family history of psychiatric disorders	30 (18.75)
DASS-21
Depression
Mild (score: 10-13)	45 (28.13)
Moderate (score: 14-20)	40 (25)
Severe (score: 21-27)	55 (34.48)
Extremely severe (score: 28+)	20 (12.5)
Score	26.35 ± 2.40
Anxiety
Mild (score: 8-9)	20 (12.5)
Moderate (score: 10-14)	40 (25)
Severe (score: 15-19)	50 (31.25)
Extremely severe (score: 20+)	35 (21.88)
Score	16.83 ± 2.56
Stress
Mild (score: 15-18)	22 (13.75)
Moderate (score: 19-25)	55 (34.38)
Severe (score: 26-33)	60 (37.5)
Extremely severe (score: 34+)	23 (14.38)
Score	36.50 ± 2.83
ISI score	24.53 ± 2.60
Type of insomnia according to ISI
Sub-threshold insomnia	20 (12.5)
Moderately severe clinical insomnia	65 (40.63)
Severe clinical insomnia	75 (46.88)
Non-clinically significant insomnia	20 (12.5)
Clinically significant insomnia	140 (87.5)
Severity of fatigue
Mild-to-moderate (22-34)	30 (18.57)
Maladaptive copying
Self-blame	104 (65)
Behavioral disengagement	64 (40)
Self-distraction or mental disengagement	64 (40)
Denial	30 (18.75)
Substance use	20 (12.5)
Substance abuse1	20 (66.67)
Adaptive copying
Religion	72 (45)
Positive reframing	30 (18.75)
Active coping	30 (18.75)
Emotional support	24 (15)
Venting	24 (15)
WHOQOL-BREF
Physical	20-60 (32.45 ± 12.64)
Psychological	20-60 (38.32 ± 10.46)
Social domains	10-40 (18.20 ± 6.20)
Environmental domains	40-75 (60.42 ± 10.26)

¹Percentages was calculated from male participants.

WHOQOL: World Health Organization quality of life; ISI: Insomnia Severity Index; DASS-21: Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Scale.