Postoperative massive hemorrhage in oral cancer surgery nursing interventions and outcomes: A case report

Table 1 Optimize the emergency intervention nursing plan for post-oral cancer surgery hemorrhage

Nursing phase	Core principles	Key actions
Preoperative	Risk assessment & preparedness	Evaluate bleeding history, coagulation status, and surgical site anatomy
		Develop personalized prevention plans (e.g., hemostatic drugs, blood transfusion)
		Multidisciplinary collaboration for emergency protocols and equipment readiness
	Patient & family education	Educate families on bleeding risks, signs, and emergency response
		Provide written care manuals and guidance
Intraoperative	Real-time monitoring & team coordination	Assist surgeons in hemostatic techniques (suturing, ligation)
		Monitor vital signs and bleeding status
		Prepare hemostatic materials (clips, coagulation factors)
Postoperative	Continuous monitoring & early intervention	Track vital signs (HR, BP, SpO2) and bleeding characteristics (volume, timing)
		Apply pressure dressings, elevate head, and administer fluids/hemostatic agents as needed
		Escalate to surgical team if bleeding persists
	Personalized nursing care	Tailor plans for wound care, pain management, and nutrition
		Increase surveillance frequency for high-risk patients
	Personalized nursing care	Tailor plans for wound care, pain management, and nutrition
		Increase surveillance frequency for high-risk patients
	Psychological support & pain management	Provide emotional reassurance and clear communication
		Use multimodal pain relief (pharmacological, physiotherapy)
	Rehabilitation & follow-up	Monitor for complications (hematoma, infection)
		Adjust care plans during recovery; provide rehabilitation guidance
		Conduct regular follow-ups to assess outcomes
System-wide	Continuous quality improvement	Regular training on latest techniques and evidence-based practices
		Retrospective reviews to refine protocols

HR: Hazard ratio; BP: Blood pressure; SpO₂: Oxygen saturation.