Skeletal muscle metastasis with bone metaplasia from colon cancer: A case report and review of the literature

Abstract

BACKGROUND

Colon cancer is a common malignant disease of the gastrointestinal tract and usually occurs at the junction of the rectum and sigmoid colon. Lymphatic and hematogenous metastases occur frequently in colon cancer and the most common metastatic sites include the liver, lung, peritoneum, bone, and lymph nodes. As a manifestation of advanced tumor spread and metastasis, soft tissue metastasis, especially skeletal muscle metastasis with bone metaplasia caused by colon cancer, is rare, accounting for less than 1% of metastases.

CASE SUMMARY

A 43-year-old male patient developed skeletal muscle metastasis with bone metaplasia of the right proximal thigh 5 mo after colon cancer was diagnosed. The patient was admitted to the hospital because of pain caused by a local mass on his right thigh. Positron emission tomography-computed tomography showed many enlarged lymph nodes around the abdominal aorta but no signs of lung or liver metastases. Color ultrasound revealed a mass located in the skeletal muscle and the results of histological biopsy revealed a poorly differentiated adenocarcinoma suspected to be distant metastases from colon cancer. Immunohistochemistry showed small woven bone components that were considered to be ossified.

CONCLUSION

This case reminds us that for patients with advanced colorectal tumors, we should be alert to the possibility of unconventional metastasis.

Key Words: Soft tissue metastasis; Skeletal muscle metastasis; Ossification; Colon cancer; BRAF mutation; Tumor mutation burden; Case report

Core Tip: In this article, we report a rare case of a 43-year-old male patient who developed skeletal muscle metastasis with bone metaplasia of the right proximal thigh 5 mo after colon cancer was diagnosed. This article discusses the possible mechanism of epithelial to mesenchymal transition from the perspective of BRAF mutation and tumor mutation burden. It prompts the need to guard against the occurrence of secondary malignant tumors with unusual metastasis pathways in patients with advanced colorectal cancer (CRC). It also reminds us to pay attention to unexplained masses and other discomforts in patients with advanced CRC.

INTRODUCTION

With the improvement of people’s living standards and changes in dietary structure, the incidence of colon cancer has increased year by year[1]. Colon cancer, as a kind of malignant tumor, can metastasize to many other parts of the body. Lymphatic and hematogenous metastases occur frequently in colon cancer and the most common metastatic sites include the liver, lung, peritoneum, bone, and lymph nodes[2]. In the case presented here, we demonstrated a solitary metastasis in the skeletal muscle of the thigh, with bone metaplasia, but no signs of metastases to common sites, such as the liver or lung. Reviewing the literature, there have been only 13 cases, including our case, of skeletal muscle metastasis (SMM) from colon carcinoma (Table 1).

Table 1 Clinical characteristics of patients with skeletal muscle metastasis from colon carcinoma reported in the English language literature.

Ref.	Age/sex	Country	Primary carcinoma	Surgery	Metastasis site	Ossification	Interval (mo)	En bloc resection	Outcome
Laurence et al[12]	70/F	Argentina	Caecum	Right colectomy	Right calf	N	24	Y	Died soon for generalized metastases
Laurence et al[12]	51/M	Argentina	Transverse colon	Right colectomy	Right forearm	N	0	Y	Died soon for generalized metastases
Stulc et al[36]	74/M	United States	Ascending colon	Right hemicolectomy	Left buttock	NS	30	Y	NS
Torosian et al[37]	68/M	United States	Transverse colon	Right colectomy	Left thigh	N	60	Y	NS
Caskey et al[38]	62/M	United States	Transverse colon	NS	Left gluteus	NS	6	NS	NS
Caskey et al[38]	71/F	United States	Colon	NS	Right psoas	NS	NS	NS	NS
Araki et al[11]	66/M	Japan	Colon	Colectomy	Right teres major	NS	6	NS	Died after 2 yr and 7 mo from carcinoma
Stabler et al[17]	65/M	United Kingdom	Sigmoid cancer	Sigmoid colectomy	Left psoas	Y	24	NS	Died 2 yr after surgery
Avery et al[39]	71/M	United Kingdom	Sigmoid cancer	Sigmoid colectomy	Left psoas	NS	48	NS	NS
Yoshikawaet al[18]	54/M	Japan	Sigmoid cancer	Partialsigmoidcolectomy	Right buttock	Y	24	Y	Died after 8 mo from multiple metastases
Naik et al[40]	56/M	Malay	Right colon	Right hemicolectomy	Recuts abdominis	Y	60	Y	NS
Takada et al[41]	71/M	Japan	Sigmoid colon	Hartmann	Left iliopsoas	N	60	N	NS
Our present case	43/M	China	Ascending colon	Laparoscopicextendedrighthemicolectomy	Right thigh	Y	5	N	Died 9 mo after surgery

Time interval from the resection of the primary carcinoma to the skeletal muscle metastasis. N: No resection; Y: En bloc resection; NS: Not specified.

The possible mechanism of metastatic spread is considered to include hematogenous and lymphatics route, direct infiltration, and operative manipulation. In a comprehensive review on SMM about primary tumor type, prevalence, and radiological features, Surov et al[3] stated that the most commonly involved muscles by metastases from various primary tumor sites are paravertebral and pelvic musculature. In our case, we demonstrated the skeletal muscle of the thigh as the solitary metastases with bone metaplasia and with no signs of metastases to common sites, such as the liver or lung.

CASE PRESENTATION

Chief complaints

In June 2018, a 43-year-old male patient presented to our hospital with a right thigh mass of 4 cm × 4 cm with intolerable pain.

History of present illness

The lump on the patient's right thigh grew rapidly within 1 mo and was accompanied by unbearable pain.

History of past illness

In January 2018, a 43-year-old male patient presented to our hospital with a right lower abdominal mass of 4 cm × 5 cm that had been present for 2 mo without any abdominal pain or other symptoms. We performed a radical resection of right colon cancer for this patient. To reduce the tumor recurrence and kill tumor cells throughout the body, the patient underwent four cycles of chemotherapy with the capecitabine and oxaliplatin regimen (CapeOX). The patient’s carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) and carbohydrate antigen 19-9 (CA19-9) levels increased after receiving four cycles of chemotherapy, up to 184.14 ng/mL and 62.0 U/L, respectively. Positron emission tomography-computed tomography (PET-CT) was then performed, which showed multiple lymph nodes metastases around the abdominal aorta, without lung or liver metastases (Figure 1). The patient was recommended for radiotherapy with a total of 50 Gy in five regimens. However, after finishing the second radiotherapy regimen, the patient found a 4 cm × 4 cm mass in his right thigh that caused intolerable pain.

Figure 1 Multiple lymph nodes metastases around the abdominal aorta. A: Computed tomography (CT) image. The red arrow points to an enlarged lymph node adjacent to the abdominal aorta; B: ¹⁸F-fluorodeoxyglucose (¹⁸F-FDG) positron emission tomography (PET)-CT image. The center of the picture is an enlarged lymph node adjacent to the abdominal aorta, and the standard uptake value in this part is significantly increased; C: ¹⁸F-FDG PET-CT image. Figure 2B and Figure 2C are overlapped; D: Whole body ¹⁸F-FDG PET-CT image. The center of the red cross is an enlarged lymph node adjacent to the abdominal aorta.

Personal and family history

The patient had no family history related to tumor.

Physical examination

Before surgery, a mass about 4 cm × 5 cm in size in the patient's right lower abdomen can be palpated, which was hard and poor in mobility, and had no tenderness. After surgery, a mass of about 4 cm × 4 cm in size can be palpable on the right thigh, which was hard in nature and unclear with the surrounding tissues, and had obvious tenderness and normal skin temperature.

Laboratory examinations

Before surgery, the levels of tumor biomarkers CEA and CA19-9 were 10.18 ng/mL (normal range: < 3 ng/mL) and 289.24 U/L (normal range: < 37 U/L), respectively. After surgery, to reduce the tumor recurrence and kill tumor cells throughout the body, the patient underwent four cycles of chemotherapy with the CapeOX regimen. The patient’s CEA and CA19-9 levels increased after receiving four cycles of chemotherapy, up to 184.14 ng/mL and 62.0 U/L, respectively.

Imaging examinations

Before surgery, colonoscopy revealed a mass in the ascending colon and the biopsy result revealed adenocarcinoma with vascular invasion. Abdominal CT revealed an ileocecal mass with many enlarged lymph nodes, but no distant metastasis. The preoperative stage was evaluated as T3N2M0 and a laparoscopic extended right hemicolectomy was performed. The postoperative pathology results indicated poorly differentiated adenocarcinoma infiltrating the entire layer, particularly the subserosa and muscularis propria (Figure 2A). In addition, the appendix and ileocecal valve were infiltrated by the tumor. The harvested lymph nodes presented the following positivity: Posterior mesenteric lymph nodes (1/6), middle colonic vascular root lymph nodes (4/12), ileocecal vascular root lymph nodes (6/8), right colonic vascular root lymph nodes (4/6), lymph nodes around the cecum (4/4), and lymph nodes around the colon (8/9). The pathological tumor, node, and metastasis stage was then assessed as pT4N2bMo and the patient’s postoperative recovery was uneventful.

Figure 2 Pathology and immunohistochemistry of the primary lesion and thigh mass. A: In the resected specimen, the orange arrow points to the tumor location and the white arrow points to the appendix; B: Skeletal muscle metastasis (white arrow) on color ultrasound; C: Hematoxylin-eosin staining of the resected colon cancer specimen (magnification, 40 times); D: H&E staining of an SMM biopsy. The red dashed circle is the bone metaplasia region (magnification, 40 times); E: Part of the enlarged Figure 1D (magnification, 200 times); F: Cytokeratin staining of an SMM biopsy. The orange arrow refers to the fibroblasts in the tumor stroma and the white arrow refers to the metastatic tumor cells (magnification, 200 times).

After chemotherapy, PET-CT was performed and the result showed multiple lymph nodes metastases around the abdominal aorta, without lung or liver metastases (Figure 1). The patient was recommended for radiotherapy with a total of 50 Gy in five regimens. However, after finishing the second radiotherapy regimen, the patient found a 4 cm × 4 cm mass in his right thigh that caused intolerable pain. Color ultrasound revealed a mass located in the skeletal muscle (Figure 2B). Histological biopsy found poorly differentiated adenocarcinoma. Cytokeratin 20 (CK20) is a member of the CK family. The expression of cytoskeleton proteins depends on the cell type and development and differentiation stage. Abnormal expression of CK has been observed in various forms of tumors and other diseases[4]. CK20 expression is also observed in the majority of colorectal tumors[5]. Based on CK staining on the puncture biopsy tissue of the thigh mass, combined with the morphology of tumor cells and the patient’s medical history, it was suspected to be a distant metastasis of colon cancer. Immunohistochemical examination revealed that the small woven bone component was considered to be ossified (Figure 2C-F). A complete resection was suggested, but was refused by the patient.

FINAL DIAGNOSIS

The patient in this case was finally diagnosed as a secondary malignant tumor of skeletal muscle (on the right thigh), which is considered to be a metastasis caused by a colon tumor.

TREATMENT

Soon, the patient developed bone metastases to the tibial vertebral bodies and a collagen gel droplet-embedded culture drug sensitivity test (CD-DST) was performed. The result proved that the patient was not sensitive to the chemotherapy regimens of compound tegafur capsules (TS-1), docetaxel, gemcitabine, etoposide (VP-16), or FOLFIRI. Next, the one cycle chemotherapy regimen was changed to bevacizumab, irinotecan, and capecitabine and a gene test was performed. The result showed a mutation of the BRAF gene and wild-type KRAS and NRAS genes (Figure 3). Furthermore, the tumor mutation burden (TMB) of the blood and tumor tissue DNA was moderate (4.15 Muts/Mb) and low (2.00 Muts/Mb), respectively. Using multidisciplinary treatment, the following two cycles of chemotherapy was changed to the regimen of vemurafenib, irinotecan, and capecitabine. The regimen seemed to be effective, with a reduced level of tumor biomarkers and a smaller thigh mass.

Figure 3 BRAF gene mutation detected using gene test. A: The difference in gene expression of sequencing results; B: BRAF gene mutation detected using gene test. CNV: Copy number variation; SNV: Single nucleotide variation.

OUTCOME AND FOLLOW-UP

Although no liver or lung metastases occurred, the patient had been suffering from thigh pain and the side effects of chemotherapy (such as nausea and vomiting). Performance status (PS) is an indicator of a patient's physical strength to understand his/her general health and tolerance to treatment. According to the Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group scoring standard (ECOG, Zubrod, World Health Organization) designated by the ECOG[6], the patient's activity status is roughly divided into six levels from 0 to 5, and it is considered that patients with PS 3 and 4 are not suitable for chemotherapy[7], and our patient was roughly at level 3. And unfortunately, the patient's overall physical condition was poor. The intractable vomiting caused by chemotherapy led to electrolyte imbalance, which was difficult to correct, and eventually led to the patient's death in October 2018.

DISCUSSION

The prevalence of SMM ranges from 0.03% to 5.6% in autopsy series of cancer patients[8]. In fact, skeletal muscle comprises about 50% of total body mass. However, metastatic spread to skeletal muscles from colorectal carcinomas is rare, and is usually an indication of systematic spread. Hasegawa et al[9] reported that 0.028% of patients with colorectal cancer (CRC) developed SMM. Meanwhile, SMM implies a poor prognosis, with a mean survival duration from diagnosis to death of 5.4 mo (range: 1–12 mo)[10]. Araki et al[11] reported a patient with SMM in the right teres major muscle who survived for 2 years, but died of carcinoma after a complete resection of metastatic lesions and other therapies. However, patients with SMM mostly develop generalized metastases, which soon results in death. Metastasis to the musculature from colorectal carcinomas is rare, with only 18 cases being reported in the recent English language literature, and among them colon carcinoma was the primary site for only 13 cases. In these case reports, the sites of primary carcinomas and metastatic lesions in SMM were diverse, and the interval from resection of the primary carcinoma to the development of SMM ranged from 5 to 60 mo. However, Laurence et al[12] reported a 51-year male patient who visited the hospital for the painful mass in the right forearm, which proved to be an SMM, after which a transverse carcinoma was found. Although there are few reports of SMM, possibly because of its asymptomatic nature and undetected characteristics, it is possible that the true incidence is underestimated. The possible mechanism of metastatic spread of adenocarcinoma of the colon to skeletal muscles could be via the lymphatics, the hematogenous route, direct extension of primary disease, or from manipulation during surgery[1]. In the case reported by Tunio et al[13], they found two sites of muscular metastasis in the gluteus maximus and rectus abdominis muscles in a 28-year-old man with known colon adenocarcinoma. They hypothesized that the possible mechanism for metastasis in this patient was implantation of tumor cells during surgery.

Usually, most patients with SMM present with painful masses. This might be important to discriminate SMMs from soft tissue sarcoma, which presents as a painless mass. There is no specific diagnostic approach for soft tissue metastases and magnetic resonance imaging and PET-CT have been recommended as the optimal techniques. For example, the CT of the patient in the present case only reported multiple abnormal signals in the lumbar 5, sacrals 1-3, and bilateral iliac bones, and abnormal signals outside of the right iliopsoas muscle, which could only indicate lesions and cannot be used as a basis for diagnosis. Furthermore, PET-CT is not only able to exclude metastatic sites, but also could be used to evaluate the patient’s treatment response[14]. Although there is a high risk of regional seeding or implantation of carcinoma cells, needle aspiration biopsy is still highly recommended as a valuable diagnostic approach, with a low incidence of 0.03% of needle metastases reported by Kline et al[15].

Noticeably, our patient’s pathological outcome of needle biopsy revealed adenocarcinoma with bone metaplasia. Ossification refers to the formation of heterotopic bone, which occurs occasionally in colorectal polyps, Barrett’s esophagus, and mucocele of the appendix[2,13-16], but rarely in metastatic tumor deposits. According to the literature, the bone metaplasia of SMM has only been observed in three case reports of metastatic colonic adenocarcinoma[11,17,18]. The mechanism and pathogenesis of bone metaplasia of SMM remain unclear.

Although the potential malignancy and metastasis mechanism of heterotopic ossification from colon carcinoma are unclear, it indicates high tumor malignancy, because the ossification is commonly induced by tumor progression in a tumor microenvironment[19]. The lack of capsule or pseudo-capsule formation of mass infiltrative borders, makes it hard to achieve complete excision. For most distant soft tissue metastases, Stabler et al[17] recommended that they should be treated with radiotherapy instead of surgery, and SMM accompanied by disseminated metastases should be treated palliatively. In our study, the patient continued to receive radiotherapy after finding the SMM, and during radiotherapy, the mass shrank, which might indicate its potential sensitivity to radiotherapy.

Compared with left-sided primary tumors, right-sided primary tumors seem to be associated with a worse survival. Prasanna et al[20] reported that patients with BRAF mutations have a higher incidence of peritoneal metastases, rather than lung and liver limited metastases, leading to poor prognosis. Right-sided colon carcinomas have higher rates of peritoneal metastases (relative risk = 0.6, P < 0.001) than left colon carcinomas. In our study, the patient had multiple lymph nodes metastases around the abdominal aorta and bone metastases were found 2 mo later, which indicated the high malignancy and rapid progression of the tumor. Further study on the association between the BRAF mutations and SMM is warranted.

The metastasis of malignant tumors is usually divided into the following five simple steps: Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), crossing the vascular barrier, surviving in the blood vessel to obtain the characteristics of stem cells, exuding from the blood vessel, and adapting to the microenvironment.

CRC is a complex disease that involves multiple steps of genetic changes, such as the inactivation of tumor suppressor genes and the activation of tumor genes. It is usually associated with the progression from malignant pre-neoplastic lesions (adenoma) to invasive adenocarcinoma[1]. KRAS mutations have been found in about 35% of colon carcinomas. The mutations mainly occur at codons 12, 13, and 61, which form the constitutively active form of KRAS GTPase[21]. Consequently, multiple RAS effector pathways that regulate fundamental biological processes, such as proliferation, apoptosis, and cell motility, become activated and/or deregulated. More specifically, mutant KRAS disrupts actin cytoskeleton and maintains motility in colon cancer cells[21]. BRAF, a major down-stream effector of KRAS, is also considered an oncogene whose activating mutations appear in 70% of human malignant melanomas and in about 12%-18% of human colon cancers. The most frequent BRAF mutation is at codon 600 that results in elevated kinase activity[22]. Mutant BRAF may also interfere with the organization of the cytoskeleton and affect cell migration and invasion ability.

Key steps in invasion and metastasis are tightly regulated or influenced by the Rho family GTPases, which may include alterations in cell adhesion, cell-matrix, cell-cell interactions, and actin organization, ultimately leading to the acquisition of an invasive phenotype[23]. In order to invade into other tissues, epithelial cancer cells must disrupt the integrity of the epithelium and basement membrane to enter the underlying stroma. This normally requires acquisition of a migratory phenotype, a process frequently referred as EMT. Invasive epithelial cancer cells often show reduced expression of E-cadherin, a cell-cell adhesion protein, and increased expression of mesenchymal markers, such as vimentin and N-cadherin. EMT plays a key role in the invasion and metastasis of malignant tumors. To study the role of the initiating factors of EMT and its downstream pathways in tumor growth, invasion, and metastasis, and to block this process are important for the early diagnosis and early treatment of tumor metastasis.

The BRAF protein is generated from the protooncogene BRAF and is a key regulator in the MAPK/ERK signaling pathway, which has normal downstream effects, including cell division, differentiation, and secretion[24]. In normal signaling, BRAF is activated upon binding the Ras-GTP complex and, subsequently, activates the MEK protein. MEK signaling induces ERK1/2 activation, which has many effectors, one of which is the Snail protein[25].

Snail is a zinc finger transcriptional factor, generated from the protooncogene SNAIL[26]. Snail has significance in embryological development through its contributions to mesoderm formation. Once activated, Snail translocates to the nucleus, where it binds E-box, which is an E-cadherin promoter region[27]. Binding to E-box promotes downregulation of E-cadherin, allowing for the detachment of cells from the epithelium in a process known as EMT[26]. Snail signaling is of particular importance during embryological development as it enables cells to detach from the epithelium and migrate into the developing embryo[28]. In this manner, mesenchymal cells are formed. A number of studies have demonstrated the relevance of Snail function in the progression of various malignancies, including breast carcinoma, osteosarcoma, colorectal carcinoma, lung carcinoma, prostate carcinoma, and clear cell renal carcinoma[29-31].

Besides, TMB is defined as the total number of nonsynonymous mutations per coding area of a tumor genome. The number of mutated genes in the genome will significantly increase in patients with an elevated TMB. As a response, a large number of non-self-antigens will be generated and are more likely to be recognized by the immune system, leading to a strong immune response and higher sensitivity to immunosuppressive agents[32]. Based on a patient’s genomic profile and molecular phenotypes, optimal therapy should be selected.

CD-DST is an in vitro tumor sensitivity testing technique for chemotherapeutic drug sensitivity, which requires a small number of specimens. As a simple, rapid, sensitive, and clinically relevant in vitro sensitivity test, it can help clinicians to select effective drugs scientifically and reasonably, optimize drug combinations, improve clinical efficacy, and reduce toxicity in the practical application of individualized treatment.

Compared with irinotecan with cetuximab, Kopetz et al[33] reported that vemurafenib combined with irinotecan and cetuximab significantly prolonged progression-free survival and induced a higher disease control rate, from 2 mo to 4.4 mo, which indicated that this combination is the best treatment for CRC with BRAF mutations. The latest research[34] revealed that about 14% of patients with primary CRC have mutations in BRAF, as assessed using next generation sequencing, and the BRAF V600E mutation, as an activating mutation in exon 15, is the most common single mutation, representing approximately 40.0% of detected mutations[35].

Recent advances in radiological examinations and treatment modalities might result in a more frequent diagnosis of SMM. Although it is generally accepted that the prognosis associated with SMM is poor, especially when combined with BRAF mutations, a comprehensive therapy strategy and multidisciplinary treatment might benefit patients.

CONCLUSION

In summary, we have described a case of skeletal muscle metastasis with bone metaplasia from a colon adenocarcinoma in a patient from China. Although the potential malignancy has not been determined, ossification of SMM might suggest a high tumor malignancy. Examinations, such as PET-CT, CD-DST, and gene testing, are recommended to optimize a comprehensive and individualized treatment modality to prolong the patient’s life expectancy in such intractable cases. It also reminds us that for patients with advanced colorectal tumors, we should be alert to the possibility of unconventional metastasis.