Incidence and clinical course of immune checkpoint inhibitor-related cardiac adverse events: A descriptive study from the Middle East

Figure 1 Echocardiographic changes before and after immune checkpoint inhibitors therapy among patients who developed post-immune checkpoint inhibitors cardiac complications. Notable trends include reductions in tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion, and an increase in pulmonary artery systolic pressure, suggestive of evolving ventricular dysfunction post-immune checkpoint inhibitors. ICI: Immune checkpoint inhibitors; LVEDD: Left ventricular end-diastolic dimension; LVESD: Left ventricular end-systolic dimension; LAVI: Left atrial volume index; TAPSE: Tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion; PASP: Pulmonary artery systolic pressure; E/A ratio: Early diastolic/atrial contraction velocity ratio; TDI/E/e’: Tissue Doppler imaging e’/E ratio; IVST: Interventricular septal thickness; PWT: Posterior wall thickness.