Differential expression of plasma cytokines in sepsis patients and their clinical implications

Figure 1 Clustering heatmap of all 40 cytokines. In the cluster diagram, each row represents a cytokine, and each column represents a sample. Red indicates high expression of cytokines in the sample, whereas blue indicates low expression. T: The sepsis group; C: The non-sepsis control group.

Figure 2 Heatmap analysis of CXCL9, granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor, CX3CL1, CCL25, CCL23, interleukin-16, CXCL16. In the Heatmap analysis, each row represents a cytokine, and each column represents a sample. Red indicates high expression of cytokines in the sample, whereas blue indicates low expression. T: The sepsis group; C: The non-sepsis control group; GM-CSF: Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor; Interleukin-16: IL-16.

Figure 3 Violin plots of differential expression of plasma cytokine in patient both sepsis and non-sepsis groups. A: Differential expression of plasma colony-stimulating factor; B: Differential expression of plasma CXCL9; C: Differential expression of plasma CCL25; D: Differential expression of plasma CCL23; E: Differential expression of plasma interleukin-16; F: Differential expression of plasma CX3CL1; G: Differential expression of plasma CXCL16. ^aP < 0.05; ^bP < 0.01; ^cP < 0.001. T: The sepsis group; C: The non-sepsis control group; GM-CSF: Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor; Interleukin-16: IL-16.

Figure 4 Plot of the principal component analysis results. The horizontal axis represents the first principal component, and the vertical axis represents the second principal component. T: The sepsis group; C: The non-sepsis control group.

Figure 5 Histogram of Gene Ontology functional enrichment analysis results. BP: Biological process; CC: Cell composition; MF: Molecular function; GO: Gene Ontology.

Figure 6 Bubble plot of Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathways associated with differentially expressed cytokines. The x-axis represents the ratio of differential genes in Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathways to the total number of differentially expressed genes (GeneRatio). A higher ratio indicates a greater degree of protein enrichment. The y-axis represents the corresponding KEGG pathway names, with bubble size indicating the number of genes annotated to the KEGG pathway. Larger bubbles represent a greater number of enriched proteins. The color gradient from blue to red indicates decreasing P values, signifying greater significance. KEGG: Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes.

Figure 7 Cytokine-cytokine receptor interactions (mainly involving interleukin-16, colony-stimulating factor, CX3CL1, CXCL9, CXCL16, CCL25, and CCL23). GM-CSF: Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor; IL-16: Interleukin-16.

Figure 8 Chemokine signaling pathways (mainly involving CX3CL1, CXCL9, CXCL16, CCL25, and CCL23).

Figure 9 Tumor necrosis factor signaling pathways (mainly involving colony-stimulating factor and CX3CL1).

Figure 10  Viral proteins interact with cytokines and cytokine receptors (mainly involving CX3CL1, CXCL9 and CCL25).