Association of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease with mild cognitive impairment and dementia risk: A systematic review and meta-analysis

Figure 1 Flow diagram for study selection.

Figure 2 Forest plot examining the association of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease with mild cognitive impairment risk. A: Odds ratios; B: Hazard ratios.

Figure 3 Forest plot examining the association of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease with dementia risk. A: Odds ratios; B: Hazard ratios.

Figure 4 Forest plot examining mini-mental state examination score differences between chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and control groups.

Figure 5 Funnel plot. A: Mild cognitive impairment (MCI); B: Dementia; C: MCI risk in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) patients; D: Dementia risk in COPD patients; E: Comparison of mini-mental state examination score between COPD and control groups.