Human immunodeficiency virus vaccines: Advances, challenges and future perspectives

doi:10.5501/wjv.v15.i1.116055

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Mar 25, 2026 (publication date) through Mar 13, 2026

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World Journal of Virology

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2220-3249

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Baishideng Publishing Group Inc, 7041 Koll Center Parkway, Suite 160, Pleasanton, CA 94566, USA

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Copyright: ©Author(s) 2026. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial (CC BY-NC 4.0) license. No commercial re-use. See permissions. Published by Baishideng Publishing Group Inc.

World J Virol. Mar 25, 2026; 15(1): 116055
Published online Mar 25, 2026. doi: 10.5501/wjv.v15.i1.116055

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Figure 1 This timeline illustrates over 25 years of human immunodeficiency virus vaccine development efforts. Early protein vaccines (VAX004, VAX003) failed. RV144 showed modest 31% protection-the only success so far. Adenovirus vectors (STEP, Phambili) were stopped early due to safety risk. Recent poxvirus and mosaic Ad269 (Adenovirus serotype 26) human immunodeficiency virus vaccine trials (HVTN 702, Imbokodo, Mosaico) have also failed. Now, researchers focus on bnAbs, mRNA, and nanoparticle vaccines.

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Figure 2 From elite neutralisers, B-cells producing broad neutralising antibodies are isolated, and antibody genes are extracted and cloned into expression vectors for production. Applications include: (1) Passive immunisation via bnAb infusions for immediate viral control; (2) Germline targeting vaccines designed to activate bnAb precursor B-cells; and (3) Gene therapy delivering bnAb genes for long-term endogenous production.

Citation: Varatharajan S, Krishnasai S, Girish C. Human immunodeficiency virus vaccines: Advances, challenges and future perspectives. World J Virol 2026; 15(1): 116055
URL: https://www.wjgnet.com/2220-3249/full/v15/i1/116055.htm
DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.5501/wjv.v15.i1.116055