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©The Author(s) 2025. Published by Baishideng Publishing Group Inc. All rights reserved.
World J Virol. Dec 25, 2025; 14(4): 112590
Published online Dec 25, 2025. doi: 10.5501/wjv.v14.i4.112590
Published online Dec 25, 2025. doi: 10.5501/wjv.v14.i4.112590
Evolving trends in hepatitis A epidemiology: Shifting patterns, emerging risks, and future strategies
Ammara Abdul Majeed, Maham Sarfraz, Amna Subhan Butt, Department of Medicine, Aga Khan University Hospital, Karachi 74800, Pakistan
Author contributions: Majeed AA and Sarfraz M did literature search and wrote this review article; Butt AS received the invitation for review article, developed abstracts and received approval, developed outline, further reviewed article for important intellectual content and; all of the authors read and approved the final version of the manuscript to be published.
Conflict-of-interest statement: All authors declare no conflict of interest in publishing the manuscript.
Open Access: This article is an open-access article that was selected by an in-house editor and fully peer-reviewed by external reviewers. It is distributed in accordance with the Creative Commons Attribution NonCommercial (CC BY-NC 4.0) license, which permits others to distribute, remix, adapt, build upon this work non-commercially, and license their derivative works on different terms, provided the original work is properly cited and the use is non-commercial. See: https://creativecommons.org/Licenses/by-nc/4.0/
Corresponding author: Amna Subhan Butt, Associate Professor, Department of Medicine, Aga Khan University Hospital, Stadium Road, Karachi 74800, Pakistan. amna.subhan@aku.edu
Received: July 31, 2025
Revised: October 25, 2025
Accepted: December 16, 2025
Published online: December 25, 2025
Processing time: 147 Days and 14.9 Hours
Revised: October 25, 2025
Accepted: December 16, 2025
Published online: December 25, 2025
Processing time: 147 Days and 14.9 Hours
Core Tip
Core Tip: The epidemiology of hepatitis A is undergoing a profound shift, driven by changing socioeconomic conditions, living standards worldwide and ongoing viral evolution. This has resulted in a shift in epidemiology, with decreasing exposure to the virus among children, leaving adolescent and adult populations susceptible to more clinically significant disease. This change leads to more severe disease in older populations, highlighting the need for updated vaccination guidelines targeting susceptible adults, vigilant surveillance to monitor viral evolution and antigenic variation, and strengthened public health measures including enhanced hygiene and outbreak prevention strategies.