Mental and physical health outcomes among intimate partner violence survivors in Taiwan: A nationwide registry-based case control study

Table 1 Baseline demographic characteristics of the study population before matching, according to intimate partner violence exposure status, n (%)

Variables	No IPV, n = 16418438	IPV, n = 43393	P value1
Sex			< 0.0001
Male	8244135 (50.22)	7637 (17.6)
Female	8174303 (49.78)	35756 (82.4)
Age in years			< 0.0001
18-24	2029362 (12.36)	3046 (7.02)
25-29	1566086 (9.53)	4162 (9.59)
30-39	3515627 (21.41)	14426 (33.24)
40-49	3777280 (23)	12835 (29.58)
50-64	5530083 (33.68)	8924 (20.57)
Monthly insurance premium			< 0.0001
Low (≤ 28860 New Taiwan dollar)	9290890 (56.58)	31485 (72.56)
Medium (28861-43642 New Taiwan dollar)	3010419 (18.33)	5770 (13.3)
High (> 43642 New Taiwan dollar)	4117129 (25.07)	6138 (14.15)
Low-income household			< 0.0001
No	16245178 (98.94)	41825 (96.39)
Yes	173260 (1.06)	1568 (3.61)
Urbanization level			< 0.0001
High	9841750 (59.94)	24471 (59)
Medium	4748681 (28.92)	13315 (32.1)
Low	1008816 (6.14)	3690 (8.9)
Missing	819191 (4.98)	1917 (4.42)

¹Group differences were examined using the χ² test.

IPV: Intimate partner violence.

Table 2 Demographic characteristics after propensity score matching, n (%)

Variables	No IPV, n = 43393	IPV, n = 43393	P value1
Sex			1.000
Male	7637 (17.6)	7637 (17.6)
Female	35756 (82.4)	35756 (82.4)
Age in years			0.947
18-24	3070 (7.07)	3046 (7.02)
25-29	4138 (9.54)	4162 (9.59)
30-39	14334 (33.03)	14426 (33.24)
40-49	12859 (29.63)	12835 (29.58)
50-64	8992 (20.72)	8924 (20.57)
Monthly insurance premium			< 0.0001
Low (≤ 28860 New Taiwan dollar)	24582 (56.65)	31485 (72.56)
Medium (28861-43642 New Taiwan dollar)	8541 (19.68)	5770 (13.3)
High (> 43642 New Taiwan dollar)	10270 (23.67)	6138 (14.15)
Low-income household			< 0.0001
No	42964 (99.01)	41825 (96.39)
Yes	429 (0.99)	1568 (3.61)
Urbanization level			< 0.0001
High	26596 (64.61)	24471 (59)
Medium	12188 (29.61)	13315 (32.1)
Low	2379 (5.78)	3690 (8.9)
Missing2	2230 (5.14)	1917 (4.42)

¹Group differences were examined using the χ² test.

²Urbanization included a small “missing” category (this level was retained in adjusted models).

IPV: Intimate partner violence.

Table 3 Association between intimate partner violence exposure and mental or physical health outcomes

Outcome1	Prevalence		Crude OR (95%CI)	P value	Adjusted OR (95%CI)	P value
	No IPV	IPV
Psychiatric disorders
Depressive disorders	1.14	5.01	4.58 (4.15-5.06)	< 0.0001	4.18 (3.78-4.60)	< 0.0001
Alcohol and substance use disorders	0.08	0.61	7.34 (5.18-10.4)	< 0.0001	5.98 (2.21-8.50)	< 0.0001
Schizophrenia	0.42	0.89	2.12 (1.78-2.53)	< 0.0001	1.75 (1.46-2.10)	< 0.0001
Bipolar disorder	0.22	1.13	2.12 (1.78-2.53)	< 0.0001	4.81 (3.83-6.10)	< 0.0001
Physical diseases
Irritable bowel syndrome	0.17	0.09	1.01 (0.74-1.40)	0.935	1.01 (0.72-1.40)	0.943
Asthma	0.46	0.63	1.38 (1.15-1.65)	0.0006	1.31 (1.08-1.60)	0.0056

¹For all outcomes, the reference group (odds ratio = 1.00) consisted of controls without documented intimate partner violence exposure. Adjusted odds ratios were obtained from conditional logistic regression models adjusted for sex, age group, monthly insurance premium (low, medium, high), low-income household status, and urbanization level.

CI: Confidence interval; IPV: Intimate partner violence; OR: Odds ratio.