Association between anxiety, depression, and fatigue in elderly patients with Parkinson’s disease

Table 1 Sociodemographic characteristics of participants

	Number of cases (n = 123)	Constituent ratio (%)
Gender
Male	65	52.8
Female	58	47.2
Age	65.54 ± 3.87	-
Body mass index	22.93 ± 2.14	-
Education level
Junior high school or below	39	31.7
Senior high school, secondary school, or college	53	43.1
University or above	31	25.2
Marital status
Single	24	19.5
Married	61	49.6
Divorced or widowed	38	30.9
Residence
Urban	83	67.5
Rural	40	32.5
Monthly income (yuan)
≤ 5000	79	64.2
> 5000	44	35.8
Disease duration (years)
≤ 5	88	71.5
> 5	35	28.5
Disease severity (Hoehn and Yahr grading)
Mild	30	24.4
Moderate	65	52.8
Severe	28	22.8
Multimorbidity
Yes	88	71.5
No	35	28.5
Family medical history
Yes	10	8.1
No	113	91.9

Table 2 Comparison of anxiety and depression scores

	Total score (n = 123)		Score
Beck Anxiety Inventory	19.59 ± 10.92	Anxiety (n = 79)	26.38 ± 7.39
		Non-anxiety (n = 44)	7.41 ± 1.57
Geriatric Depression Scale	12.82 ± 6.37	Depression (n = 69)	17.65 ± 3.76
		Non-depression (n = 54)	6.65 ± 2.48

Table 3 Fatigue severity of patients

Category	Number of items	Score
Fatigue severity	14	9.46 ± 1.89
Physical fatigue	8	5.77 ± 1.51
Mental fatigue	6	3.69 ± 1.20

Table 4 Univariate analysis of clinical characteristics in patients with or without anxiety

	Anxiety (n = 79)	Non-anxiety (n = 44)	χ2/t	P value
Gender			0.223	0.637
Male	43	22
Female	36	22
Age	65.09 ± 3.58	66.36 ± 4.26	1.760	0.081
Body mass index	23.10 ± 2.19	22.61 ± 2.05	1.216	0.226
Education level			9.179	0.010
Junior high school or below	21	18
Senior high school, secondary school, or college	42	11
University or above	16	15
Marital status			0.353	0.838
Single	14	10
Married	39	22
Divorced or widowed	26	12
Residence			0.078	0.781
Urban	54	29
Rural	25	15
Monthly income (yuan)			16.211	< 0.0001
≤ 5000	61	18
> 5000	18	26
Disease duration (years)			9.830	0.002
≤ 5	49	39
> 5	30	5
Disease severity (Hoehn and Yahr grading)			7.313	0.026
Mild	17	13
Moderate	38	27
Severe	24	4
Multimorbidity			9.424	0.002
Yes	64	24
No	15	20
Family medical history			0.158	0.691
Yes	7	3
No	72	41

Table 5 Factors associated with anxiety in elderly patients with Parkinson’s disease

Variable	β	SE	Wald	P value	Hazard ratio	95%CI
Constant	-2.073	0.716	8.393	0.004	0.126	-
Education level (0: Junior high school or below)	-	-	3.618	0.164	-	-
1: Senior high school, secondary school, or college	0.701	0.561	1.563	0.211	2.016	0.672-6.050
2: University or above	-0.421	0.620	0.461	0.497	0.656	0.195-2.214
Monthly income (0: > 5000, 1: ≤ 5000)	1.684	0.504	11.149	0.001	5.372	2.003-14.414
Disease duration (0: ≤ 5, 1: > 5)	2.281	0.690	10.931	0.001	9.784	2.531-37.820
Disease severity (0: Mild)	-	-	6.836	0.033	-	-
1: Moderate	0.004	0.545	0.000	0.995	1.004	0.345-2.923
2: Severe	1.893	0.824	5.279	0.022	6.636	1.321-33.346
Multimorbidity (0: No, 1: Yes)	1.039	0.506	4.214	0.040	2.826	1.048-7.622

Table 6 Univariate analysis of clinical characteristics in patients with or without depression

	Depression (n = 69)	Non-depression (n = 54)	χ2/t	P value
Gender			2.726	0.099
Male	41	24
Female	28	30
Age	66.09 ± 3.98	64.85 ± 3.63	1.782	0.077
Body mass index	22.69 ± 2.23	23.23 ± 2.01	0.388	0.167
Education level			1.223	0.543
Junior high school or below	24	15
Senior high school, secondary school, or college	30	23
University or above	15	16
Marital status			8.504	0.014
Single	8	16
Married	34	27
Divorced or widowed	27	11
Residence			0.895	0.344
Urban	49	34
Rural	20	20
Monthly income (yuan)			10.831	0.001
≤ 5000	53	26
> 5000	16	28
Disease duration (years)			11.351	0.001
≤ 5	41	47
> 5	28	7
Disease severity (Hoehn and Yahr grading)			13.880	0.001
Mild	12	18
Moderate	33	32
Severe	24	4
Multimorbidity			0.022	0.883
Yes	49	39
No	20	15
Family medical history			1.145	0.285
Yes	4	6
No	65	48

Table 7 Analysis of influencing factors for depression in elderly patients with Parkinson's disease

Variable	β	SE	Wald	P value	Hazard ratio	95%CI
Constant	-0.038	0.610	0.004	0.950	0.963	-
Marital status (0: Single)	-	-	4.123	0.127	-	-
1: Married	-1.202	0.620	3.761	0.052	0.300	0.089-1.013
2: Divorced or widowed	-0.750	0.495	2.263	0.132	0.472	0.178-1.255
Monthly income (0: > 5000, 1: ≤ 5000)	1.111	0.449	6.129	0.013	3.038	1.260-7.322
Disease duration (0: ≤ 5, 1: > 5)	-1.333	0.486	7.527	0.006	0.264	0.102-0.683
Disease severity (0: Mild)	-	-	8.620	0.013	-	-
1: Moderate	0.360	0.506	0.507	0.477	1.434	0.532-3.864
2: Severe	1.986	0.705	7.929	0.005	7.289	1.829-29.049

Table 8 Correlation between anxiety, depression, and fatigue severity

	Beck Anxiety Inventory		Geriatric Depression Scale
	r value	P value	r value	P value
Fatigue severity	0.319	0.0003	0.376	< 0.0001
Physical fatigue	0.263	0.003	0.256	0.004
Mental fatigue	0.227	0.011	0.337	0.0001