Review
Copyright ©The Author(s) 2025.
World J Psychiatry. Sep 19, 2025; 15(9): 108382
Published online Sep 19, 2025. doi: 10.5498/wjp.v15.i9.108382
Table 1 Natural monomers modulating the nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2/heme oxygenase-1 pathway to mitigate non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and non-alcoholic steatohepatitis
Monomers
Disease models
Mechanisms
Role
Ref.
QuercetinNAFLDRegulates hepatic lipid metabolism, oxidative stress and inflammatory responseImproveBender et al[94]
SilymarinNASHSuppresses HSCs activation and TNF-αImproveKeum[95]
BerberineNAFLDRegulates lipid metabolism and inflammationImproveCominacini et al[96]
GinsenosideNAFLDPrevent lipid accumulation and oxidative damageImproveAbdalkader et al[97]
CapillinNASHMitigates hepatocyte apoptosis, lipid accumulation, and oxidative damageImproveBjörnsson and Björnsson[98]
BaicalinNASHModulates mitochondrial function, suppresses pyroptosisImproveRousta et al[99]
AloinNASHAntioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-apoptoticImproveEmad et al[100]
FlavonesNASHAttenuates oxidative stress and liver inflammationImproveZhai et al[101]
LinaloolNAFLDSuppresses lipid accumulation and oxidative stressImproveJin et al[102]
WogonosideNAFLDAntioxidant, anti-inflammatoryImproveGao et al[103]
ScutellarinNAFLDReduces oxidative stress, improves hepatic functionImprovePan et al[104]; Li et al[105]
NaringinNAFLDSuppresses NF-κB/TNF-α axis and triglyceride synthesisImproveWu et al[106]
GeniposideNAFLDReduces lipid accumulationImproveShen et al[18]
Dehydroabietic acidNAFLDInhibits ROS accumulation and MDA levelsImproveLiu and Hou[107]
Table 2 Natural monomers modulating the nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2/heme oxygenase-1 pathway to mitigate alcoholic liver disease
Monomers
Disease models
Mechanisms
Role
Ref.
QuercetinALDInduces p62 expression, inhibits the binding of Keap1 to Nrf2ImproveTseng et al[116]
SilymarinALDReduces TGF-β1 and 4-HYP levels, suppressing oxidative injuryImproveChen et al[117]
CurcuminALDSuppress p53 expression, enhances Nrf2 nuclear translocationImproveYu et al[118]
GinsenosidesALDReduces oxidative stress and liver inflammationImproveChen et al[119]
BaicalinALDAntioxidant and anti-inflammatoryImproveYang et al[120]
PolysaccharidesALDRegulating oxidative stress and improve alcoholic liver injury by inhibiting the production of inflammatory factorsImproveRoehlen et al[121]
Oleanolic acidALDSuppress the alcohol-induced increasesImproveZhang et al[122]
CAEALDAntioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-apoptoticImproveParola and Pinzani[123]
Table 3 Natural monomers modulating the nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2/heme oxygenase-1 pathway to mitigate drug-induced liver injury
Monomers
Disease models
Mechanisms
Role
Ref.
IsorhamnetinDILIReduces oxidative stress, inflammation, and pyroptosisImproveForner et al[134]
DihydromyricetinDILIReduces apoptosis and oxidative stressImproveGanesan and Kulik[135]
CurcuminDILIAlleviate hepatic inflammationImproveYang et al[136]
BerberineDILIAlleviate hepatic inflammationImprove
ResveratrolDILIMitigate oxidative stress, and mitochondrial dysfunctionImproveXu et al[137]
GinsenosidesDILIReduces apoptosis and ROSImproveHayes and McMahon[138]
AndrographolideDILIDecreases MDA and ROSImproveHallis et al[139]
Astragaloside IVDILIReduces inflammationImproveLoboda et al[140]
Salvianolic acid CDILIAttenuates oxidative stress, inflammation, and apoptosisImproveLohitesh et al[141]
Table 4 Natural monomers modulating the nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2/heme oxygenase-1 pathway to mitigate hepatitis C virus
Monomers
Disease models
Mechanisms
Role
Ref.
AndrographolideHCVIncreases biliverdin levelsImproveNarożna et al[150]
CelastrolHCVEnhances antiviral interferon responses, suppresses NS3/4A protease activityImproveHassan et al[151]
LucidoneHCVIncreases biliverdin levelsImproveSun et al[152]
SulforaphaneHCVEnhances IFN responses, suppresses NS3 protease activityImproveFu et al[153]
CurcuminHCVInduces HO-1, inhibits PI3-AKT pathwayImproveChopra and Dhingra[154]
Table 5 Natural monomers modulating the nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2/heme oxygenase-1 pathway to mitigate liver fibrosis and cirrhosis
Monomers
Disease models
Mechanisms
Role
Ref.
CurcuminCirrhosisReduces collagen I depositionImproveYatoo et al[162]
CurcuminFibrosisReduces oxidative stress, inflammatory and fibrotic markersImproveSailo et al[163]
Pomegranate extractFibrosisReduces oxidative stress, inflammatory and fibrotic markersImproveSailo et al[163]
HyperosideFibrosisReduces oxidative stress, restores antioxidant enzyme activitiesImproveManawy et al[164]
Schisandrin BFibrosisMitigates oxidative stress, suppresses HSC activationImproveRobledinos-Antón et al[165]
TanshinolFibrosisReduces oxidative stress, MDA, inflammatoryImproveKundrapu and Malla[166]
Salvianolic acid AFibrosisInhibits inflammation and oxidative stressImproveWu et al[167]
Asiatic acidFibrosisReduces oxidative stressImproveWang et al[168]
Table 6 Natural monomers modulating the nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2/heme oxygenase-1 pathway to mitigate hepatocellular carcinoma
Monomers
Disease models
Mechanisms
Role
Ref.
CurcuminHCCReduces oxidative damage and inflammationImproveKhalil et al[178]
ResveratrolHCCAgainst oxidative stressImproveAmirshahrokhi and Niapour[179]
BerberineHCCReduces hepatic triglyceride accumulation and oxidative stressImproveBellaver et al[181]
Tanshinone IIAHCCReduces oxidative stress markers and enhances antioxidant defensesImproveZhao et al[182]
GinsenosidesHCCInhibits inflammasomesImproveGao et al[183]
BrusatolHCCMediates ferroptosisImproveGörg et al[184]
Oleanolic acid oxime derivativesHCCReduces cell cycle, apoptosis, and proliferationImproveNavarro and Esteras[185]
EmodinHCCSuppresses cell proliferation, invasion, and angiogenesisImproveWang et al[186]