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©The Author(s) 2025. Published by Baishideng Publishing Group Inc. All rights reserved.
World J Psychiatry. Dec 19, 2025; 15(12): 112055
Published online Dec 19, 2025. doi: 10.5498/wjp.v15.i12.112055
Published online Dec 19, 2025. doi: 10.5498/wjp.v15.i12.112055
Investigating the pharmaceutical substances and action mechanisms of Changmaxifeng granules against tic disorders
Li-Dong Xie, Jian-Ping Wu, Shu-Sen Liu, Zheng Zong, Yang Hu, Wen-Lan Li, School of Pharmacy, Harbin University of Commerce, Harbin 150076, Heilongjiang Province, China
Na Ling, Engineering Research Center on Natural Antineoplastic Drugs, Ministry of Education, Harbin 150076, Heilongjiang Province, China
Bing Han, Hong-Yan Yao, Heilongjiang Jiren Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, Harbin 150025, Heilongjiang Province, China
Co-corresponding authors: Wen-Lan Li and Hong-Yan Yao.
Author contributions: Li WL and Yao HY contribute equally to this study as co-corresponding authors; Xie LD and Wu JP participated in study design, and data collection and analysis; Xie LD, Liu SS, Zong Z, and Hu Y performed the data analysis; Xie LD Ling N and Han B drafted the manuscript; Li WL and Yao HY revised the manuscript; all authors read and approved the final manuscript.
Supported by Key Research and Development Plan Project of Heilongjiang Province, No. 2022ZX02C08; Heilongjiang Science and Technology Talent Spring Swallow Support Program Project, No. CYCX24009; and 2025 Graduate Innovation Research Funding Project of Harbin University of Commerce, No. YJSCX2025-833HSD.
Institutional animal care and use committee statement: All animal experiments conformed to the internationally accepted principles for the care and use of laboratory animals (approval No. HSDYXY-2024055).
Conflict-of-interest statement: All the authors report having no relevant conflicts of interest for this article.
ARRIVE guidelines statement: The authors have read the ARRIVE guidelines, and the manuscript was prepared and revised according to the ARRIVE guidelines.
Data sharing statement: No additional data are available.
Open Access: This article is an open-access article that was selected by an in-house editor and fully peer-reviewed by external reviewers. It is distributed in accordance with the Creative Commons Attribution NonCommercial (CC BY-NC 4.0) license, which permits others to distribute, remix, adapt, build upon this work non-commercially, and license their derivative works on different terms, provided the original work is properly cited and the use is non-commercial. See: https://creativecommons.org/Licenses/by-nc/4.0/
Corresponding author: Wen-Lan Li, Professor, School of Pharmacy, Harbin University of Commerce, No. 138 Tongda Street, Daoli District, Harbin 150076, Heilongjiang Province, China. lwldzd@163.com
Received: July 17, 2025
Revised: August 11, 2025
Accepted: September 4, 2025
Published online: December 19, 2025
Processing time: 134 Days and 5.7 Hours
Revised: August 11, 2025
Accepted: September 4, 2025
Published online: December 19, 2025
Processing time: 134 Days and 5.7 Hours
Core Tip
Core Tip: Clinical studies have shown that Changmaxifeng granules (CG) can treat tic disorders. However, the pharmaceutical substances and mechanism of action of CG remain unclear. In this study, we combined serum pharmacochemistry with network pharmacology to identify the chemical constituents of CG that enter the bloodstream and to predict their potential molecular targets, thereby laying the groundwork for elucidating the underlying mechanisms of action.