Safety and early mobilization in intensive care unit patients: An updated systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials

Table 1 Baseline characteristics of the included studies

Ref.	Study design	Time period	Intervention	Control	Total sample size (n)	Intervention (n)	Control (n)	Follow-up time (months)
Suzuki et al[4]	RCT	August 2021-March 2023	Mobile patient lift	Usual care	80	39	41	4
Soto et al[1]	RCT	January 2018-July 2019	Start to move protocol	Usual care	69	33	36	1
Zhang et al[2]	RCT	November 2020-February 2023	EM	Usual care	132	66	66	3
Lin et al[9]	RCT	March 2021-October 2021	EGDM	Usual care	77	39	38	3
de Paula et al[10]	RCT	October 2019-March 2021	EM	Usual care	85	40	45	30 days after hospital discharge
Hodgson et al[11]	RCT	Februarly 2018-November 2021	EM	Usual care	741	371	370	6
Patel et al[12]	RCT	August 2011- October 2019	EM	Usual care	198	99	99	12
Zhou et al[13]	RCT	September 2020-May 2021	EM	Usual care	100	50	50	Till ICU discharge
ECMO-PT study investigators[14]	RCT	February 2018-May 2019	EGDM	Usual care	20	10	10	3
Schujmann et al[15]	RCT	February 2017-February 2018	Early progressive mobility program	Usual care	135	68	67	3
Hodgson et al[6]	RCT	September 2013-October 2014	EGDM	Usual care	50	29	21	6
Schaller et al[16]	RCT	July 2011-November 2015	EGDM	Usual care	200	104	96	3
Morris et al[17]	RCT	October 2009-November 2014	EM	Usual care	300	150	150	6
Kayambu et al[18]	RCT	December 2010-August 2012	EGDM	Usual care	50	26	24	6
Brummel et al[19]	RCT	February 2011-April 2012	EM	Usual care	44	22	22	3
Schweickert et al[20]	RCT	June 2005-October 2007	EM	Usual care	104	49	55	6

RCT: Randomized controlled trial; EM: Early mobilization; EGDM: Early goal directed mobilization.

Table 2 Patient characteristics of the included studies, n (%)/mean ± SD

Ref.	Overall mean age (years)		Males		BMI (kg/m²)		APACHE II score		Type 2/type 1 diabetes		Sepsis
	Intervention	Control	Intervention	Control	Intervention	Control	Intervention	Control	Intervention	Control	Intervention	Control
Suzuki et al[4]	68.9 ± 13.0	67.1 ± 12.2	18 (46.2)	30 (73.2)	22.3 ± 7.1	22.8 ± 4.8	19.5 ± 7.2	19.1 ± 7.2			9 (23.1)	11 (26.8)
Soto et al[1]	60 ± 11.5	59.1 ± 12.5	8 (24.24)	12 (33.33)			22.0 ± 2.12	20.0 ± 3.06
Zhang et al[2]	60.5 ± 16.9	60.3 ± 18.7	37 (56.1)	47 (71.2)	22.5 ± 3.0	21.7 ± 2.4	22.4 ± 6.8	21.7 ± 6.8	24 (36.4)	12 (18.2)	20 (30.3)	13 (19.7)
Lin et al[9]	53.44 ± 12.06	52.32 ± 13.86	31 (79.5)	28 (73.7)	24.82 ± 3.73	24.83 ± 3.94			8 (20.5)	7 (18.4)
de Paula et al[10]	57.3 ± 9.2	65.7 ± 6.0	21 (52.5)	21 (46.7)	24.8 ± 4.97	24.8 ± 3.18			11 (27.5)	14 (31.1)
Hodgson et al[11]	60.5 ± 14.8	59.5 ± 15.2	243 (65.5)	224 (60.5)	29.9 ± 7.9	30.4 ± 7.8	18.2 ± 6.8	18 ± 6.9	87 (23.5)	72 (19.5)	246 (66.3)	245 (66.2)
Patel et al[12]	57.9 ± 8.5	54.5 ± 8.0	58 (58.5)	55 (55.55)	28.2 ± 4.68	29.8 ± 5.46	23.0 ± 3.06	23.0 ± 4.08	23 (23.2)	26 (26.3)	63 (63.6)	56 (56.6)
Zhou et al[13]	57.0 ± 15.3	57.3 ± 13.7	26 (52)	30 (60)	24.3 ± 3.6	23.9 ± 4.0	13.9 ± 5.1	14.0 ± 6.3	10 (20)	6 (12)
ECMO-PT study investigators[14]	49.3 ± 13.4	50.6 ± 17.1	8 (80)	8 (80)			24.4 ± 5.9	19.4 ± 4.8
Schujmann et al[15]	48 ± 15	55 ± 12	41 (60.2)	44 (65.67)							28 (56)	21 (42)
Hodgson et al[6]	64 ± 12	53 ± 15	21 (72.4)	9 (42.85)			19.8 ± 9.8	15.9 ± 6.9			19 (65)	14 (66)
Schaller et al[16]	66.0 ± 9.8	64.0 ± 11.3	65 (63)	61 (64)			16.67 ± 7.41	16.67 ± 8.15	12 (12)	16 (17)	1 (1)	0
Morris et al[17]	55 ± 17	58 ± 14	66 (44.0)	68 (45.3)			76 ± 26	75 ± 27
Kayambu et al[18]	62.5 ± 16.2	65.5 ± 18.6	18 (36)	14 (28)	27.9 ± 9.45	28.1 ± 5.57	28.0 ± 7.6	27.0 ± 6.8			1 (3.8)	1 (4.2)
Brummel et al[19]	62 ± 6.2	60 ± 5.7	13 (59)	8 (36.36)			23.43 ± 6.52	25.83 ± 7.20
Schweickert et al[20]	57.7 ± 11.0	54.4 ± 7.4	20 (40.8)	32 (58.18)	27.4 ± 2.89	28.0 ± 3.39	19.93 ± 5.53	18.97 ± 4.99	18 (37)	18 (33)	42 (86)	45 (82)

BMI: Body mass index; APACHE II: Acute physiology and chronic health evaluation.