Development and internal validation of an immune-based prognostic modeling of early-onset colorectal cancer via machine learning

Table 1 Baseline characteristics of 123 colorectal cancer patients by progression status, mean ± SD/n (%)

Characteristics	Overall (n = 123)	No progression (n = 93)	Progression (n = 30)
Age (years)	42.8 ± 7.2	42.9 ± 7.0	42.7 ± 7.8
Sex
Male	65.0 (52.8)	50.0 (53.8)	15.0 (50.0)
Female	58.0 (47.2)	43.0 (46.2)	15.0 (50.0)
Stage
I-II	74.0 (60.2)	63.0 (67.7)	11.0 (36.7)
III-IV	49.0 (39.8)	30.0 (32.3)	19.0 (63.3)
Family
No	82.0 (66.7)	62.0 (66.7)	20.0 (66.7)
Yes	41.0 (33.3)	31.0 (33.3)	10.0 (33.3)
T stage
1	7.0 (5.7)	7.0 (7.5)	0.0 (0.0)
2	26.0 (21.1)	24.0 (25.8)	2.0 (6.7)
3	74.0 (60.2)	54.0 (58.1)	20.0 (66.7)
4	16.0 (13.0)	8.0 (8.6)	8.0 (26.7)
N stage
0	69.0 (56.1)	61.0 (65.6)	8.0 (26.7)
1	43.0 (35.0)	25.0 (26.9)	18.0 (60.0)
2	11.0 (8.9)	7.0 (7.5)	4.0 (13.3)
M stage
0	115.0 (93.5)	91.0 (97.8)	24.0 (80.0)
1	8.0 (6.5)	2.0 (2.2)	6.0 (20.0)
CMOR
No	116.0 (94.3)	91.0 (97.8)	25.0 (83.3)
Yes	7.0 (5.7)	2.0 (2.2)	5.0 (16.7)
Chemoradiotherapy
No	38.0 (30.9)	36.0 (38.7)	2.0 (6.7)
Yes	85.0 (69.1)	57.0 (61.3)	28.0 (93.3)
Tumor necrosis
Negative	122.0 (99.2)	92.0 (98.9)	30.0 (100.0)
Positive	1.0 (0.8)	1.0 (1.1)	0.0 (0.0)
Vascular invasion
Negative	94.0 (76.4)	75.0 (80.6)	19.0 (63.3)
Positive	29.0 (23.6)	18.0 (19.4)	11.0 (36.7)
Nerve invasion
Negative	94.0 (76.4)	76.0 (81.7)	18.0 (60.0)
Positive	29.0 (23.6)	17.0 (18.3)	12.0 (40.0)
CEA (ng/mL)	13.0 ± 49.2	4.8 ± 5.7	38.4 ± 96.0
CD3+T (%)
≤ 71.33	63.0 (51.2)	47.0 (50.5)	16.0 (53.3)
> 71.33	60.0 (48.8)	46.0 (49.5)	14.0 (46.7)
CD3+CD4+T (%)
≤ 34.93	64.0 (52.0)	48.0 (51.6)	16.0 (53.3)
> 34.93	59.0 (48.0)	45.0 (48.4)	14.0 (46.7)
CD3+CD8+T (%)
≤ 28.35	60.0 (48.8)	45.0 (48.4)	15.0 (50.0)
> 28.35	63.0 (51.2)	48.0 (51.6)	15.0 (50.0)
CD16+CD56+NK (%)
≤ 17.13	66.0 (53.7)	53.0 (57.0)	13.0 (43.3)
> 17.13	57.0 (46.3)	40.0 (43.0)	17.0 (56.7)
CD19+B (%)
≤ 1.32	59.0 (48.0)	42.0 (45.2)	17.0 (56.7)
> 1.32	64.0 (52.0)	51.0 (54.8)	13.0 (43.3)
CD4+T/CD8+T (%)
≤ 71.33	66.0 (53.7)	52.0 (55.9)	14.0 (46.7)
> 71.33	57.0 (46.3)	41.0 (44.1)	16.0 (53.3)
Treg (%)
≤ 8.47	65.0 (52.8)	48.0 (51.6)	17.0 (56.7)
> 8.47	58.0 (47.2)	45.0 (48.4)	13.0 (43.3)

T: Tumor; N: Node; M: Metastasis; CMOR: Combined multiple organ resection; CEA: Carcinoembryonic antigen; NK: Natural killer; Treg: Regulatory T cells.

Table 2 Univariable Cox regression analysis for progression-free survival in 123 colorectal cancer patients

Variable	Contrast	Hazard ratio	95%CI	P value
Age	Per unit increase	1.00	2.59-2.86	0.984
CD16+CD56+NK	High vs low	1.54	2.11-23.73	0.243
CD19+B	High vs low	0.65	1.37-3.82	0.243
CD3+CD4+T	High vs low	0.90	1.55-6.35	0.776
CD3+CD8+T	High vs low	0.96	1.6-7.08	0.903
CD3+T	High vs low	0.97	1.61-7.36	0.943
CD4+T/CD8+T	High vs low	1.37	1.95-16.62	0.388
CEA	Per unit increase	1.01	2.73-2.75	< 0.001
CMOR	Yes vs no	4.24	5.01 to > 1000	0.003
Chemoradiotherapy	Yes vs no	7.29	5.68 to > 1000	0.007
Family	Yes vs no	0.92	1.52-7.55	0.836
M	1 vs 0	5.57	9.6 to > 1000	< 0.001
N	1 vs 0	4.51	7.09 to > 1000	< 0.001
N	2 vs 0	3.87	3.19 to > 1000	0.028
Nerve invasion	Yes vs no	2.30	3.03-119.07	0.025
Sex	Female vs male	1.14	1.75-10.34	0.718
Stage	Stage in III-IV	3.27	4.68 to > 1000	0.002
T	2 vs 1	8959622.29	1 to > 1000	0.997
T	3 vs 1	33760956.62	1 to > 1000	0.996
T	4 vs 1	63867920.40	1 to > 1000	0.996
Treg	High vs low	0.81	1.48-5.28	0.563
Tumor necrosis	Yes vs no	0.00	1 to > 1000	0.998
Vascular invasion	Yes vs no	2.12	2.74-86.15	0.048

NK: Natural killer; CEA: Carcinoembryonic antigen; CMOR: Combined multiple organ resection; M: Metastasis; N: Node; T: Tumor; Treg: Regulatory T cells; CI: Confidence interval.