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World J Clin Oncol. Dec 24, 2025; 16(12): 110909
Published online Dec 24, 2025. doi: 10.5306/wjco.v16.i12.110909
Figure 1
Figure 1 Multistep pathogenesis of Helicobacter pylori-induced gastric cancer. The diagram illustrates the progressive stages of Helicobacter pylori infection: From initial colonization and virulence factor expression (CagA and VacA) to activation of host immune responses (e.g., interleukin-8, tumor necrosis factor-alpha), chronic inflammation, tissue damage, atrophic gastritis, intestinal metaplasia, and eventual dysplasia leading to gastric cancer. IL: Interleukin; ROS: Reactive oxygen species; TNF-α: Tumor necrosis factor-alpha; H. pylori: Helicobacter pylori.