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Dec 24, 2025 (publication date) through Dec 29, 2025
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World Journal of Clinical Oncology
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2218-4333
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Baishideng Publishing Group Inc, 7041 Koll Center Parkway, Suite 160, Pleasanton, CA 94566, USA

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Copyright ©The Author(s) 2025.
World J Clin Oncol. Dec 24, 2025; 16(12): 110351
Published online Dec 24, 2025. doi: 10.5306/wjco.v16.i12.110351
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Figure 1 Molecular mechanisms of hyperprogressive disease. CAF: Cancer-associated fibroblasts; TGF-β: Transforming growth factor-beta; CXCL: C-X-C chemokine ligand; IL: Interleukin; TAM: Tumor-associated macrophages; PD-L1: Programmed death-ligand 1; CTLA-4: Cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated protein 4; APC: Antigen-presenting cell; MDSC: Myeloid-derived suppressor cells; MDM2: Mouse double minute 2 homolog.
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