Aslam A, Hamid H, Fatima E, Pervaiz S, Arif M, Irshad H, Shafqat A, Khan S, Khurshid H, Rafaqat S. Inflammatory biomarkers in the pathogenesis of pancreatic cancer: A literature review. World J Clin Oncol 2025; 16(10): 109385 [DOI: 10.5306/wjco.v16.i10.109385]
Corresponding Author of This Article
Saira Rafaqat, PhD, Department of Zoology, Lahore College for Women University, Near Wapda Flats Jail Rd, Jubilee Town, Lahore 54000, Pakistan. saera.rafaqat@gmail.com
Research Domain of This Article
Oncology
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Review
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This article is an open-access article which was selected by an in-house editor and fully peer-reviewed by external reviewers. It is distributed in accordance with the Creative Commons Attribution Non Commercial (CC BY-NC 4.0) license, which permits others to distribute, remix, adapt, build upon this work non-commercially, and license their derivative works on different terms, provided the original work is properly cited and the use is non-commercial. See: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/
Oct 24, 2025 (publication date) through Oct 27, 2025
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World Journal of Clinical Oncology
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2218-4333
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Baishideng Publishing Group Inc, 7041 Koll Center Parkway, Suite 160, Pleasanton, CA 94566, USA
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Aslam A, Hamid H, Fatima E, Pervaiz S, Arif M, Irshad H, Shafqat A, Khan S, Khurshid H, Rafaqat S. Inflammatory biomarkers in the pathogenesis of pancreatic cancer: A literature review. World J Clin Oncol 2025; 16(10): 109385 [DOI: 10.5306/wjco.v16.i10.109385]
World J Clin Oncol. Oct 24, 2025; 16(10): 109385 Published online Oct 24, 2025. doi: 10.5306/wjco.v16.i10.109385
Inflammatory biomarkers in the pathogenesis of pancreatic cancer: A literature review
Ayesha Aslam, Hafsa Hamid, Eman Fatima, Sumaira Pervaiz, Mehnaz Arif, Huda Irshad, Amina Shafqat, Sara Khan, Huma Khurshid, Saira Rafaqat
Ayesha Aslam, Sumaira Pervaiz, Mehnaz Arif, Huda Irshad, Amina Shafqat, Sara Khan, Huma Khurshid, Saira Rafaqat, Department of Zoology, Lahore College for Women University, Lahore 54000, Pakistan
Hafsa Hamid, Department of Biotechnology, Lahore College for Women University, Lahore 54000, Pakistan
Eman Fatima, Institute of Zoology, University of the Punjab, Lahore 54000, Pakistan
Author contributions: Aslam A, Hamid H, Fatima E, Irshad H, and Khan S carried out the study design and data collection; Khurshid H, Shafqat A, Pervaiz S, Arif M, and Rafaqat S wrote the manuscript; Rafaqat S gave the editing services of the manuscript; and all authors read and approved the final manuscript.
Conflict-of-interest statement: All the authors report no relevant conflicts of interest for this article.
Open Access: This article is an open-access article that was selected by an in-house editor and fully peer-reviewed by external reviewers. It is distributed in accordance with the Creative Commons Attribution NonCommercial (CC BY-NC 4.0) license, which permits others to distribute, remix, adapt, build upon this work non-commercially, and license their derivative works on different terms, provided the original work is properly cited and the use is non-commercial. See: https://creativecommons.org/Licenses/by-nc/4.0/
Corresponding author: Saira Rafaqat, PhD, Department of Zoology, Lahore College for Women University, Near Wapda Flats Jail Rd, Jubilee Town, Lahore 54000, Pakistan. saera.rafaqat@gmail.com
Received: May 9, 2025 Revised: May 24, 2025 Accepted: September 2, 2025 Published online: October 24, 2025 Processing time: 168 Days and 17.7 Hours
Abstract
Pancreatic cancer (PC) remains a highly lethal malignancy worldwide. Increasing evidence indicates that inflammation is a critical factor in the pathogenesis of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC). Inflammatory cell infiltration within the PDAC tumor microenvironment promotes tumor growth and metastasis, while both local and systemic chronic inflammation is associated with an elevated risk of developing the disease. Given that the same immune cell populations are involved in mediating both inflammatory and immune responses, there exists a close interrelationship between inflammation and immunity in the context of PDAC. Various studies have reported the relationship between inflammation and PC. This review article provided a comprehensive summary of the roles of erythrocyte sedimentation rate, plasma viscosity, procalcitonin, calprotectin, haptoglobin, serum amyloid A, ferritin, and fibrinogen in the pathophysiological mechanisms underlying PC.
Core Tip: Inflammation is a key contributor to the initiation, progression, and metastatic dissemination of pancreatic cancer. In pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma, inflammatory cell infiltration within the tumor microenvironment significantly promotes tumor proliferation and metastatic potential. Moreover, both systemic and localized chronic inflammatory conditions have been identified as important risk factors in the development of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma. This article provided a comprehensive summary of the roles of erythrocyte sedimentation rate, plasma viscosity, procalcitonin, calprotectin, haptoglobin, serum amyloid A, ferritin, and fibrinogen in the pathophysiological mechanisms underlying pancreatic cancer.
