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©The Author(s) 2025. Published by Baishideng Publishing Group Inc. All rights reserved.
World J Gastrointest Pathophysiol. Dec 22, 2025; 16(4): 111245
Published online Dec 22, 2025. doi: 10.4291/wjgp.v16.i4.111245
Published online Dec 22, 2025. doi: 10.4291/wjgp.v16.i4.111245
Guardians within: Cross-talk between the gut microbiome and host immune system
Nabanita Ghosh, Department of Zoology, Maulana Azad College, Kolkata 700013, India
Krishnendu Sinha, Department of Zoology, Jhargram Raj College, Jhargram 721507, India
Author contributions: Ghosh N was responsible for conceptualization, literature review and data curation, writing original draft, supervision and project administration; Sinha K was responsible for table and figure design and writing review and editing; all of the authors read and approved the final version of the manuscript to be published.
Conflict-of-interest statement: No conflict-of-interest to declare.
Open Access: This article is an open-access article that was selected by an in-house editor and fully peer-reviewed by external reviewers. It is distributed in accordance with the Creative Commons Attribution NonCommercial (CC BY-NC 4.0) license, which permits others to distribute, remix, adapt, build upon this work non-commercially, and license their derivative works on different terms, provided the original work is properly cited and the use is non-commercial. See: https://creativecommons.org/Licenses/by-nc/4.0/
Corresponding author: Nabanita Ghosh, PhD, Department of Zoology, Maulana Azad College, No. 8 Rafi Ahmed Kidwai Road, Kolkata 700013, India. nabanitaghosh89@gmail.com
Received: June 26, 2025
Revised: July 28, 2025
Accepted: October 27, 2025
Published online: December 22, 2025
Processing time: 179 Days and 16.8 Hours
Revised: July 28, 2025
Accepted: October 27, 2025
Published online: December 22, 2025
Processing time: 179 Days and 16.8 Hours
Core Tip
Core Tip: This review highlights the critical interplay between the gut microbiome and the host immune system, focusing on how gut microbes and their metabolites, such as short-chain fatty acids, influence immune cell development, inflammatory regulation, and immune homeostasis. It emphasizes recent advances in metagenomics, metabolomics, and single-cell sequencing that have uncovered novel mechanisms of microbiota-driven immune modulation. The discussion also addresses the microbiome’s role in early-life immune education and its implications for autoimmune diseases, inflammation, and cancer immunotherapy, offering insights into emerging microbiome-based therapeutic strategies.