Artificial intelligence-based lung nodule detection for pulmonary arteriovenous fistulas on chest computed tomography

Table 1 Baseline characteristics of the study population

Characteristic		Value
Age (years)		59 (16-85)
Sex	Male	6
	Female	15
Underlying disease	Hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia	2
Symptoms	Dyspnea	4
	Hemoptysis	1
	Asymptomatic	16
Comorbidities	Heart failure	2
	Cerebral infarction	3
SpO2 (%)		96 (94-99)
Treatment	Endovascular embolization	14
	Surgery	2
	Conservative management	5

Data are presented as median (range) or number of patients.

Table 2 Differences in computer-aided detection rates according to imaging conditions, n (%)

Imaging conditions		Overall (image series, n = 74)	Detection success (image series, n = 44)	Detection failure (image series, n = 30)	P value
Contrast	Non-contrast	33	19 (58)	14 (42)	0.29
	Pulmonary arterial phase	24	17 (71)	7 (29)
	Parenchymal phase	17	8 (47)	9 (53)
Window setting	Lung window	31	19 (61)	12 (39)	0.79
	Mediastinal window	43	25 (58)	18 (42)

Detection success and failure were evaluated on an image-series basis. A total of 26 lesions with 74 imaging series were evaluated.

Table 3 Comparison of variables between successful and failed computer-aided detection

Characteristic	Factors	Overall (n = 26)	Detection success (n = 17)	Detection failure (n = 9)	P value
Location	Right upper lobe	7	3	4	-
	Right middle lobe	3	2	1
	Right lower lobe	4	3	1
	Left upper lobe	3	2	1
	Lingular segment	6	4	2
	Left lower lobe	3	3	0
Contact with adjacent structures	Present	19	13 (68)	6 (32)	0.63
	Absent	6	3 (50)	3 (50)
Morphology1	Simple type	22	13 (59)	9 (41)	0.26
	Complex type	4	4 (100)	0 (0)
Treatment indication2	Present	18	13 (72)	5 (28)	0.38
	Absent	8	4 (50)	4 (50)
Feeding artery diameter (mm)			3.4 (3.0, 4.0)	3.4 (2.4, 4.8)	0.47
Maximum lesion length (mm)			6.5 (4.9, 9.6)	5.5 (2.5, 11.0)	0.65

¹Simple type (single feeding artery and draining vein) or complex type (multiple feeding arteries).

²Treatment indication was defined as a feeding artery diameter of ≥ 3 mm.

Continuous variables are presented as median (interquartile range). No statistical comparison was performed for lesion location.