Developmental venous anomalies and cerebral cavernous malformations: Partners in crime

Table 1 Demonstration of the Zabramski classification system for cavernous malformations

	T1	T2	GRE/SWI	Clinical manifestation
I (subacute hemorrhagic lesions)	Hyperintense center	Hyper or hypointense center, surrounded by a hypointense (hemosiderin) rim	-	Usually symptomatic
II (classic “popcorn-like” lesions)	Heterogeneous signal	Heterogeneous and hypointense (hemosiderin) rim	Hypointense (hemosiderin) rim with blooming	The most prevalent type of cavernous malformation; recurrent asymptomatic or symptomatic episodes
III (chronic lesions)	Hypointense or isointense	Hypointense or isointense	Hypointense rim with blooming (marked hemosiderin deposition)	Clinically silent
IV (punctate lesions)	Poorly seen	Poorly seen	Small, punctate hypointense foci	Asymptomatic

GRE: T2-weighted gradient-echo; SWI: Susceptibility-weighted imaging.

Table 2 Association of developmental venous anomalies and cavernous malformations in some of the largest case series in literature

Ref.	Publication year	Number of developmental venous anomalies	Coexistence with cavernous malformations
Ostertun et al[93], 1993	1993	21	33%
Wilms et al[94], 1994	1994	65	23%
Huber et al[50], 1996	1996	43	30%
Töpper et al[95], 1999	1999	67	18%
Meng et al[96], 2014	2014	1839	11%
Brinjikji et al[97], 2017	2017	1689	7%

Table 3 Association of cavernous malformations and developmental venous anomalies in some of the largest case series in literature

Ref.	Publication year	Number of cavernous malformations	Coexistence with developmental venous anomalies
Porter et al[98], 1997	1997	173	13%
Abe et al[99], 1998	1998	102	23%
Abdulrauf et al[100], 1999	1999	55	24%
Wurm et al[101], 2055	2005	58	26%
Zhang et al[102], 2013	2013	41	27%