Advancements and challenges of ultrasound imaging in the management of thyroid-associated ophthalmopathy

Figure 1 Artificial intelligence-assisted ultrasound diagnostic schematic diagram. Ocular ultrasound combined with deep learning and other artificial intelligence technologies can extract a large amount of imaging data, and construct predictive models by integrating molecular markers such as vascular endothelial growth factor and interleukin-6 to assess the disease status of thyroid-associated ophthalmopathy. Deep learning processes ultrasound data alongside vascular endothelial growth factor/interleukin-6 levels to predict disease severity. This is more real-time and convenient compared to other imaging methods such as computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging. AI: Artificial Intelligence; VEGF: Vascular endothelial growth factor; IL: Interleukin; CT: Computed tomography; MRI: Magnetic resonance imaging.