Advancements and challenges of ultrasound imaging in the management of thyroid-associated ophthalmopathy

doi:10.4329/wjr.v17.i11.112638

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Nov 28, 2025 (publication date) through Feb 27, 2026

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World Journal of Radiology

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1949-8470

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Baishideng Publishing Group Inc, 7041 Koll Center Parkway, Suite 160, Pleasanton, CA 94566, USA

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World J Radiol. Nov 28, 2025; 17(11): 112638
Published online Nov 28, 2025. doi: 10.4329/wjr.v17.i11.112638

Advancements and challenges of ultrasound imaging in the management of thyroid-associated ophthalmopathy

Ju-Feng Shi, Wei-Yi Zhou, Hong-Xi Zhang, Ya Shen, Hang Zhang, Tuo Li

Ju-Feng Shi, Wei-Yi Zhou, Hong-Xi Zhang, Tuo Li, Department of Endocrinology, Shanghai Changzheng Hospital, Shanghai 200433, China

Ya Shen, Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai Changzheng Hospital, Shanghai 200433, China

Hang Zhang, Department of Ultrasound Medicine, Shanghai Changzheng Hospital, Shanghai 200433, China

Co-first authors: Ju-Feng Shi and Wei-Yi Zhou.

Co-corresponding authors: Hang Zhang and Tuo Li.

Author contributions: Shi JF and Zhou WY contributed equally as co-first authors; Li T did conceptualization; Shi JF wrote the original draft; Zhou WY and Zhang HX did review and editing; Zhang H and Shen Y did visualization; Zhang H and Li T did supervision and made equal contributions as co-corresponding authors. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

Supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China, No. 82170858 and No. 82470935.

Conflict-of-interest statement: All the authors report no relevant conflicts of interest for this article.

Corresponding author: Tuo Li, MD, Professor, Department of Endocrinology, Shanghai Changzheng Hospital, No. 415 Fengyang Road, Shanghai 200433, China. dr.lituo@smmu.edu.cn

Received: August 4, 2025
Revised: August 29, 2025
Accepted: October 31, 2025
Published online: November 28, 2025
Processing time: 118 Days and 1.1 Hours

Core Tip

Core Tip: Thyroid-associated ophthalmopathy, an autoimmune disorder linked to thyroid dysfunction, needs timely diagnosis. Ultrasound, a noninvasive tool, aids thyroid-associated ophthalmopathy diagnosis/management but has limitations. This minireview proposes future research strategies that emphasize analysis of ultrasound data to develop biomarker models. We propose an integrated multimodal framework combining ultrasound elastography with deep learning to enhance diagnostic precision.