Usha Kumari, Manaswini Kaka, Fakhar Abbas, Amar Rai, Sanjana Kumari, Hakim Ullah Wazir, Salim Surani
Usha Kumari, Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States
Manaswini Kaka, Department of Medicine, AIMU School of Medicine, Gros Islet 99999, Saint Lucia
Fakhar Abbas, Department of Internal Medicine, HCA West Side Florida, Plantation, FL 33324, United States
Amar Rai, Department of Medicine, Pennsylvania Hospital, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19107, United States
Sanjana Kumari, Department of Medicine, Dow University of Health Science, Karachi 74200, Sindh, Pakistan
Hakim Ullah Wazir, Department of Medicine, Lady Reading Hospital, Peshawar 25000, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
Salim Surani, Department of Medicine and Pharmacology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, United States
Author contributions: Kumari U contributed to the conceptualization, study design, literature screening, and data synthesis; Kumari U and Kumari S participated in data extraction; Kaka M, Abbas F, and Wazi HU drafted the manuscript; Rai A, Wazir HU, and Surani S reviewed and edited the manuscript; Kumari S contributed to reference management; Wazir HU and Surani S contributed to project administration; Surani S contributed to overall supervision. All authors have read and approved the final manuscript.
Conflict-of-interest statement: All the authors report no relevant conflicts of interest for this article.
PRISMA 2009 Checklist statement: The authors have read the PRISMA 2009 Checklist, and the manuscript was prepared and revised according to the PRISMA 2009 Checklist.
Open Access: This article is an open-access article that was selected by an in-house editor and fully peer-reviewed by external reviewers. It is distributed in accordance with the Creative Commons Attribution NonCommercial (CC BY-NC 4.0) license, which permits others to distribute, remix, adapt, build upon this work non-commercially, and license their derivative works on different terms, provided the original work is properly cited and the use is non-commercial. See:
https://creativecommons.org/Licenses/by-nc/4.0/ Corresponding author: Salim Surani, MD, Department of Medicine and Pharmacology, Texas A&M University, 40 Bizzell Street, College Station, TX 77843, United States.
srsurani@hotmail.com
Received: August 11, 2025
Revised: October 1, 2025
Accepted: December 17, 2025
Published online: February 26, 2026
Processing time: 182 Days and 11.6 Hours
