Does anesthesia choice shape oncologic destiny in gastric cancer surgery?

Table 1 Summary of preclinical and clinical studies investigating the antitumor and immunomodulatory effects of propofol in gastric cancer

Ref.	Key findings	Method
Ni et al[11]	Suppresses cell invasion via MMP-2 inhibition through miR-29	In vitro
Liu et al[12]	Inhibits tumor growth via the circPDSS1/miR-1324/SOX4 axis	In vitro
Xian et al[15]	Reduces proliferation through YAP1 inhibition mediated by miR-205	In vitro
Zhan et al[16]	Inhibits tumor progression through the miR-493-3p/DKK1/Wnt-β-catenin axis	In vitro
Zhang et al[17]	Increases cisplatin sensitivity via lncRNA MALAT1/miR-30e/ATG5 pathway	In vitro + chemotherapy sensitivity
Ai et al[19]	Enhances antitumor immunity by increasing NK cell activity	Clinical study
Zheng et al[18]	Propofol-TIVA associated with better postoperative outcomes	Retrospective clinical
Liu and Yang[29]	Provides more stable glucose and cytokine profiles (in diabetic patients)	Clinical study
Li et al[27]	Observed improved neurocognitive recovery	Clinical study
Cao et al[14]	Suppresses tumor proliferation via NRF2	In vitro

NK: Natural killer; TIVA: Total intravenous anesthesia.

Table 2 Overview of experimental and clinical studies assessing the effects of sevoflurane on gastric cancer biology and immune responses

Ref.	Key findings	Method
Chen et al[20]	Increased miR-34a → Suppression of TGIF2 → Reduced EMT and invasion	In vitro
Liu and Chen[21]	Tumor suppression via DLX6-AS1/epigenetic modulation through ZC3H13 knockdown	In vitro
Yong et al[23]	Decreased FOXP3 expression in tumor cells leads to reduced invasion	In vitro
Yong et al[22]	Increased CD4+CD25+FOXP3+ Treg cells; indicates immune modulation	Clinical study

Table 3 Comparative clinical studies evaluating perioperative and oncologic outcomes of propofol vs sevoflurane in gastric cancer surgery

Ref.	Key findings	Method
Wang et al[10]	No difference in long-term survival; propofol group had more PONV	Retrospective clinical
Zheng et al[18]	Fewer inflammatory complications and better postoperative recovery with propofol	Retrospective clinical
Wu et al[25]	Propofol group showed better long-term survival	Retrospective clinical
Oh et al[26]	One-year mortality lower with propofol	Retrospective analysis
Ai and Wang[19]	Propofol → Higher NK cell activity (immune advantage)	Prospective clinical
Song et al[28]	No significant difference in AKI incidence	Retrospective matched analysis
Li et al[27]	Propofol → Better cognitive and emotional postoperative recovery	Clinical study

PONV: Postoperative nausea-vomiting; AKI: Acute kidney injury; NK: Natural killer.