Helicobacter pylori-related non-coding RNAs in gastric cancer screening: Emerging evidence and translational challenges

Figure 1 The workflow for non-coding RNA-based liquid biopsy in clinical screening. Non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) from blood, saliva, and urine have been reported as potential biomarkers for Helicobacter pylori-infected gastric cancer (GC). Clinically, blood, saliva, and urine can be collected from patients, followed by nucleic acid extraction in the lab. After that, PCR, next-generation sequencing, or other techniques can be used to detect GC-associated ncRNAs. This figure was created with BioGDP.com[46]. LncRNA: Long non-coding RNA; MiRNA: MicroRNA; CircRNA: Circular RNA; NGS: Next-generation sequencing.