Endoscopic ultrasound features of pancreatic solid lesions: Descriptive and predictive analysis on a multicenter sample

Table 1 Descriptive analysis of the entire sample and main subgroups

Descriptive analysis	Total (n = 761)	PDAC (n = 480)	NET (n = 123)	Metastases (n = 40)	Focal pancreatitis (n = 27)	No diagnosis (n = 59)
Sex (female)	361 (47.4)	236 (49.2)	54 (43.9)	18 (45.0)	7 (25.9)	29 (49.2)
Age (year)	68.6 ± 11.7	70.7 ± 11.7	62.3 ± 14.8	70.4 ± 9.5	63.6 (9.1)	67 (13.6)
Major axis (mm)	29.1 ± 15.0	33.2 ± 15.0	20.3 ± 15.0	24.8 ± 13.4	27 (14.2)	18.9 (14.9)
Minor axis (mm)	24 ± 13.3	27.5 ± 13.3	17.2 ± 13.0	20.7 ± 10.8	20.9 (12.5)	14.6 (11.9)
Arterial invasion	117 (15.4)	102 (21.3)	8 (6.5)	5 (12.5)	0	0
Venous invasion	186 (24.4)	157 (32.7)	17 (13.8)	5 (12.5)	2 (7.4)	0
Vessels compression	324 (42.6)	255 (53.1)	29 (23.6)	14 (35)	5 (18.5)	12 (20.3)
Lymphadenopathy	290 (38.1)	236 (49.2)	17 (13.8)	11 (27.5)	5 (18.5)	12 (20.3)
Ductal dilation	450 (59.1)	379 (79.0)	21 (17.1)	11 (27.5)	10 (37.0)	15 (25.4)
Hypoechoic	697 (91.6)	461 (96.0)	110 (89.4)	34 (85.0)	21 (77.8)	47 (79.7)
Echopattern heterogeneous	648 (85.2)	463 (96.5)	63 (51.2)	28 (70.0)	26 (96.3)	41 (69.5)
Irregular margins	623 (81.9)	460 (95.8)	51 (41.5)	23 (57.5)	23 (85.2)	45 (76.3)
Multiple lesions	44 (5.8)	9 (1.9)	17 (13.8)	9 (22.5)	1 (3.7)	7 (11.9)
Hypovascularization	184 (62.6), n = 294	124 (80.0), n = 155	25 (31.6), n = 79	8 (38.1), n = 21	7 (87.5), n = 8	14 (70.0), n = 20
Hard elastography	128 (81.5), n = 157	83 (96.5), n = 86	24 (68.6), n = 35	7 (50.0), n = 14	7 (77.8), n = 9	4 (50.0), n = 8

Quantitative variables are shown with mean ± SD, qualitative variables are shown with as n (%). Hypovascularization and Hard elastography also show the total number of cases in the disease subgroup in parentheses, as these are not described in all patients. PDAC: Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma; NET: Neuroendocrine tumor.

Table 2 Descriptions of the differential diagnoses of the neuroendocrine tumor group, n (%)

NET	Total (n = 123)
Non functional	112 (91.1)
Insulinoma	8 (6.5)
Glucagonoma	2 (1.6)
Gastrinoma	1 (0.8)

NET: Neuroendocrine tumor.

Table 3 Descriptions of the differential diagnoses of the metastases group, n (%)

Metastases	Total (n = 40)
Kidney	23 (57.5)
Colon	7 (17.5)
Lung	4 (10.0)
Breast	2 (5.0)
Ovary	2 (5.0)
Melanoma	1 (2.5)
Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma	1 (2.5)

Table 4 Predictive analysis through logistic regression to identify predictive features of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma

Predictive analysis (PDAC)	Univariate			Multivariate
	Odds ratio	95%CI	P value	Odds ratio	95%CI	P value
Age	1.04	1.03-1.06	< 0.01	1.03	1.01-1.05	< 0.01
Sex	1.21	0.90-1.62	0.21
Major axis (mm) of the mass	1.07	1.05-1.09	< 0.01	1.01	0.97-1.05	0.69
Minor axis (mm) of the mass	1.08	1.06-1.10	< 0.01	1.01	0.97-1.06	0.59
Arterial invasion	4.79	2.72-8.41	< 0.01	1.88	0.88-4.02	0.10
Venous invasion	4.22	2.75-6.49	< 0.01	1.14	0.59-2.22	0.70
Vessels compression	3.48	2.51-4.82	< 0.01	1.51	0.88-2.58	0.14
Lymphadenopathy	4.07	2.88-5.75	< 0.01	1.94	1.25-3.02	< 0.01
Ductal retrodilation	11.10	7.84-15.70	< 0.01	5.75	3.81-8.69	< 0.01
Hypoechoic	4.63	2.65-8.09	< 0.01	3.51	1.69-7.29	< 0.01
Heterogeneous	14.10	8.21-24.30	< 0.01	2.56	1.22-5.38	0.01
Irregular margins	16.70	10.00-27.60	< 0.01	3.83	1.97-7.44	< 0.01
Multiple lesions	0.13	0.06-0.28	< 0.01	0.48	0.18-1.28	0.14
Hypovascularization	5.27	3.14-8.83	< 0.01
Hard elastography	16.00	4.58-55.70	< 0.01

PDAC: Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma; 95%CI: 95% confidence interval.

Table 5 Predictive analysis through logistic regression to identify predictive features of neuroendocrine tumor

Predictive analysis (NET)	Univariate			Multivariate
	Odds ratio	95%CI	P value	Odds ratio	95%CI	P value
Age	0.95	0.94-0.97	< 0.01	0.97	0.95-0.99	< 0.01
Sex	0.84	0.57-1.24	0.39
Major axis (mm) of the mass	0.94	0.92-0.95	< 0.01	0.96	0.91-1.02	0.19
Minor axis (mm) of the mass	0.93	0.91-0.95	< 0.01	1.04	0.97-1.11	0.25
Arterial invasion	0.34	0.16-0.71	< 0.01	0.69	0.26-1.83	0.46
Venous invasion	0.45	0.26-0.77	< 0.01	2.26	0.91-5.61	0.08
Vessels compression	0.36	0.23-0.56	< 0.01	0.74	0.35-1.61	0.46
Lymphadenopathy	0.21	0.13-0.37	< 0.01	0.45	0.24-0.84	0.01
Ductal retrodilation	0.10	0.06-0.17	< 0.01	0.28	0.15-0.50	< 0.01
Hypoechoic	0.74	0.39-1.40	0.35
Heterogeneous	0.10	0.06-0.15	< 0.01	0.44	0.24-0.81	< 0.01
Irregular margins	0.08	0.05-0.13	< 0.01	0.24	0.14-0.42	< 0.01
Multiple lesions	3.63	1.91-6.89	< 0.01	0.88	0.39-1.99	0.76
Hypovascularization	0.16	0.09-0.29	< 0.01
Hard elastography	0.38	0.16-0.90	0.03

NET: Neuroendocrine tumor; 95%CI: 95% confidence interval.