Protective effects of kaempferol against diet-induced metabolic disorders

Table 1 Therapeutic potential of kaempferol across various experimental models

Ref.	Model	Route	Findings
Baghaei et al[42], 2022	HepG2 cells		Enhanced fatty acid oxidation and reduced lipogenesis
BinMowyna and AlFaris[44], 2021	Mice	Orally	Anti-diabetic effect via activating the AMPK pathway
Park et al[43], 2025	Rats	Orally (250 mg/kg BW)	Decreased the acetylation of all SIRT1 targets, including PARP1, NF-κB, FOXO-1 and p53 that mediate antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and anti-apoptotic effects
Aodah et al[45], 2024	HepG2 C8 cells		Upregulation of antioxidant response elements (ARE)-mediated antioxidative enzymes, such as heme oxygenase, catalase and superoxide dismutases under the control of Nrf2 signaling pathways
Saw et al[46], 2014	Mice	Orally (25, 50, 100 mg/kg BW)	Reduced CCl4-induced liver damage via restoring gut microbiota diversity, increasing beneficial genera (e.g., Lactobacillus), and activating Nrf2 signaling
Alkandahri et al[52], 2023	Mice	Intraperitoneal (2.5, 5, 10, 20, 40 mg/kg BW)	Increased the expression of Grp78, decreased the expression of CHOP, and protected hepatocytes from ER stress-induced apoptosis
Shi et al[58], 2025	Rats	50 mg/kg BW	kaempferol-loaded nanoparticles (KFP-NPs) improved the antioxidant defense, evidenced by increased levels of SOD, GPx, and Nrf2 in SD rats
Qu et al[60], 2025	Raw 264.7 macrophage	24 μmol/L drugs	Kaempferol-loaded fibroin nanoparticles downregulate the expression of TNF-α and eliminate the intracellular reactive oxygen in raw macrophages

AMPK: Adenosine 5’-monophosphate-activated protein kinase; BW: Body weight; SIRT1: Sirtuin 1; PARP1: Poly ADP-ribose polymerase 1; NF-κB: Nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells; FOXO-1: Forkhead box O 1; NrF2: Nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2; Grp78: Glucose-regulated/binding immunoglobulin protein 78; CHOP: C/EBP-homologous protein; ER: Endoplasmic reticulum; KFP-NPs: Kelp fucoidan polysaccharide nanoparticles; SOD: Superoxide dismutase; GPx: Glutathione peroxidase; SD: Sprague-Dawley; TNF-α: Tumor necrosis factor-alpha.