Sex, racial, and ethnic disparities in United States liver transplantation clinical trials

doi:10.4254/wjh.v17.i9.110384

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Sep 27, 2025 (publication date) through Sep 25, 2025

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World Journal of Hepatology

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1948-5182

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Baishideng Publishing Group Inc, 7041 Koll Center Parkway, Suite 160, Pleasanton, CA 94566, USA

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World J Hepatol. Sep 27, 2025; 17(9): 110384
Published online Sep 27, 2025. doi: 10.4254/wjh.v17.i9.110384

Table 1 The number and percentage of participants by demographic group, n (%)¹

Characteristics	Participants, (95%CI) (n = 4048)	United States population in 2010 (%)	United States population in 2018 (%)
Race
White	3098 (75.9) (74.1-77.7)	75.5	76.3
Black or African American	319 (7.8) (6.7-8.9)	13.6	13.9
Asian	379 (9.3) (8.1-10.5)	6.3	5.9
American Indian or Alaska Native	15 (0.4) (0.1-0.6)	1.3	1.3
Hawaiian or Pacific Islanders	8 (0.2) (0.0-0.3)	0.3	0.2
Multiracial (> 1 race)	17 (0.4) (0.1-0.7)	3.0	2.8
Other, unknown, missing	248 (6.1) (5.1-7.1)
Ethnicity
Hispanic or Latino	2823 (13.3) (12.2-14.5)	19.1	18.5
Sex
Female	2175 (31.1) (30.0-32.2)	50.4	50.8

¹Wilson 95%CIs are given. For race, simultaneous 95%CIs were calculated using a Bonferroni correction for the 7 racial categories. From United States census data in the respective year. Sex was reported for all participants (100%).

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Citation: Alsakarneh S, Khalifa A, Almasaid S, Aburumman R, Kilani Y, Khalid Z, Numan L, Dahiya DS, Karagozian R, Helzberg JH. Sex, racial, and ethnic disparities in United States liver transplantation clinical trials. World J Hepatol 2025; 17(9): 110384
URL: https://www.wjgnet.com/1948-5182/full/v17/i9/110384.htm
DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.4254/wjh.v17.i9.110384