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©The Author(s) 2025. Published by Baishideng Publishing Group Inc. All rights reserved.
World J Hepatol. Sep 27, 2025; 17(9): 110384
Published online Sep 27, 2025. doi: 10.4254/wjh.v17.i9.110384
Published online Sep 27, 2025. doi: 10.4254/wjh.v17.i9.110384
Sex, racial, and ethnic disparities in United States liver transplantation clinical trials
Saqr Alsakarneh, Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, United States
Ali Khalifa, Laith Numan, Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63108, United States
Sharifeh Almasaid, Department of Medicine, SUNY Upstate University, New York, NY 13210, United States
Razan Aburumman, Department of Internal Medicine, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI 48202, United States
Yassine Kilani, Department of Internal Medicine, Lincoln Medical and Mental Health Center, New York, NY 10451, United States
Zeeshan Khalid, Department of Medicine, University of Missouri, Kansas, MO 64112, United States
Dushyant Singh Dahiya, Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Motility, The University of Kansas School of Medicine, Kansas City, KS 66160, United States
Raffi Karagozian, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, MA 02111, United States
John H Helzberg, Division of Internal Medicine, Department of Gastroenterology and Hepa
Author contributions: Alsakarneh S, Khalifa A, Almasaid S, Aburumman R, Kilani Y, Khalid Z, Numan L, Dahiya DS, Karagozian R, Helzberg JH contributed to study design, data collection, data analysis, manuscript drafting, and final approval of the submitted version.
Institutional review board statement: This study was conducted by the ethical standards of the institutional and national research committees and with the 1964 Helsinki declaration and its later amendments. IRB approval was deemed exempt, as the study utilized publicly available and de-identified data.
Informed consent statement: Informed consent was not required as this study involved secondary analysis of publicly available, de-identified data from registered clinical trials.
Conflict-of-interest statement: The authors declare no conflicts of interest relevant to this study.
STROBE statement: The authors have read the STROBE Statement-checklist of items, and the manuscript was prepared and revised according to the STROBE Statement- checklist of items.
Data sharing statement: The data used in this study were obtained from publicly available sources on ClinicalTrials.gov. No additional data are available for sharing.
Open Access: This article is an open-access article that was selected by an in-house editor and fully peer-reviewed by external reviewers. It is distributed in accordance with the Creative Commons Attribution NonCommercial (CC BY-NC 4.0) license, which permits others to distribute, remix, adapt, build upon this work non-commercially, and license their derivative works on different terms, provided the original work is properly cited and the use is non-commercial. See: https://creativecommons.org/Licenses/by-nc/4.0/
Corresponding author: Razan Aburumman, Department of Internal Medicine, Henry Ford Hospital, 1350 W Bethune St, Detroit, MI 48202, United States.
Received: June 6, 2025
Revised: June 16, 2025
Accepted: August 22, 2025
Published online: September 27, 2025
Processing time: 112 Days and 13.9 Hours
Revised: June 16, 2025
Accepted: August 22, 2025
Published online: September 27, 2025
Processing time: 112 Days and 13.9 Hours
Core Tip
Core Tip: This cohort study demonstrates that women, African American, and Hispanic individuals were underrepresented in liver transplantation clinical trials compared to the general United States population. These results underscore the need for regulatory efforts to enhance the inclusion of historically underrepresented racial and ethnic groups in clinical research.