Sex, racial, and ethnic disparities in United States liver transplantation clinical trials

Figure 1 Flow diagram of study selection. A total of 87 trials were identified through ClinicalTrials.gov (July 2002-July 2018). After screening, 18 trials were excluded due to irrelevant populations or interventions. Sixty-nine trials met inclusion criteria and were included in the final analysis.

Figure 2 Distribution of clinical trials across regions of the United States.

Figure 3 Reporting of race/ethnicity of participants in liver transplantation trials.

Figure 4 Participant demographics by funding source. Industry-funded trials showed higher Asian participant representation, while National Institute of Health-funded trials demonstrated underrepresentation of African American participants and overrepresentation of White participants.

Figure 5 Participants’ representation in liver transplantation trials based on demographics and year. Women accounted for 31.1% of all trial participants, significantly below their proportion in the general United States population.