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©The Author(s) 2025. Published by Baishideng Publishing Group Inc. All rights reserved.
World J Hepatol. Sep 27, 2025; 17(9): 110674
Published online Sep 27, 2025. doi: 10.4254/wjh.v17.i9.110674
Published online Sep 27, 2025. doi: 10.4254/wjh.v17.i9.110674
Rapamycin nanoparticles suppress autoreactive lymphocytes and reduce anti-mitochondrial antibodies in primary biliary cholangitis: Mechanisms and implications
Payal Bhatnagar, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, School of Pharmacy, IMU University, Kuala Lumpur 57000, Malaysia
Nabil Eid, Department of Human Biology, Division of Anatomy, School of Medicine, IMU University, Kuala Lumpur 57000, Malaysia
Author contributions: Bhatnagar P wrote the manuscript; Eid N designed the figure, wrote and approved the final draft of the manuscript. All authors have read and approved the final manuscript.
Conflict-of-interest statement: All the authors report no relevant conflicts of interest for this article.
Open Access: This article is an open-access article that was selected by an in-house editor and fully peer-reviewed by external reviewers. It is distributed in accordance with the Creative Commons Attribution NonCommercial (CC BY-NC 4.0) license, which permits others to distribute, remix, adapt, build upon this work non-commercially, and license their derivative works on different terms, provided the original work is properly cited and the use is non-commercial. See: https://creativecommons.org/Licenses/by-nc/4.0/
Corresponding author: Nabil Eid, MD, PhD, Associate Professor, Department of Human Biology, Division of Anatomy, School of Medicine, IMU University, Kuala Lumpur 57000, Malaysia. nabilsaleheid@imu.edu.my
Received: June 12, 2025
Revised: June 24, 2025
Accepted: August 11, 2025
Published online: September 27, 2025
Processing time: 105 Days and 18.8 Hours
Revised: June 24, 2025
Accepted: August 11, 2025
Published online: September 27, 2025
Processing time: 105 Days and 18.8 Hours
Core Tip
Core Tip: Primary biliary cholangitis (PBC) is an autoimmune disease with limited therapeutic options. A recent study using a mouse model of PBC found that nanoparticles encapsulating rapamycin treatment reduced the levels of autoreactive T cells and B cells in the liver and spleen, improved liver inflammation and enzyme levels, and was associated with a concomitant decrease in anti-mitochondrial antibody levels. These findings indicate that nanoparticles encapsulating rapamycin may improve liver pathology in the PBC mouse model through mammalian target of rapamycin inhibition and potential au