Regulation and intervention of stem cell differentiation by long non-coding RNAs: Mechanisms and therapeutic potential

Table 1 Summary of long non-coding RNAs and their functions in stem cell differentiation

LncRNAs	Germ layer or tissue	Localization (N, C)	Specific mechanism(s)	Ref.
DEANR1	Endoderm; pancreas	N	Interaction with transcriptional factors	[7]
GATA6-AS1	Endoderm	N	Interaction with transcriptional factors	[8]
RP11-380D23.2	Lung	N	Interaction with transcriptional factors	[9]
Linc-YY1	Muscle	N	Interaction with transcriptional factors	[10]
XIST	ESCs	N	Interaction with chromatin modifiers	[11-13]
T-UCstem1	ESCs	N, C	Interaction with chromatin modifiers; mRNA turnover: MiRNA sponge	[14]
MEG3	Central nervous system; enteric nervous system	N, C	Interaction with chromatin modifiers; mRNA turnover: MiRNA sponge	[15-17,48,49]
Fendrr	Heart; body wall	N	Interaction with chromatin modifiers	[20]
CARMEN	Heart	N	Interaction with chromatin modifiers	[21]
PRESS1	ESCs	N	Interaction with chromatin modifiers	[22]
CAT7/cat7l	Central nervous system	N	Interaction with chromatin modifiers	[23,24]
UC.291	Epidermis	N	Interaction with chromatin modifiers	[25]
yylncT	Mesoderm	N	Interaction with chromatin modifiers	[26]
MALAT1	Liver	N, C	Interaction with splicing factors; functioning in PTMs	[27-31]
Pnky	Central nervous system	N	Interaction with splicing factors	[32-34]
NEAT1	ESCs	N	Scaffold membrane-less organelles	[35-38]
HBL1	Heart	C	mRNA turnover: MiRNA sponge	[43]
Linc-ROR	ESCs	C	mRNA turnover: MiRNA sponge	[44,45]
H19	Epidermis	C	mRNA turnover: MiRNA sponge; modulate mRNA stability	[46,47]
TINCR	Epidermis	C	mRNA turnover: Modulate mRNA stability	[50]
ANCR	Endoderm	C	mRNA turnover: Modulate mRNA stability	[51]
UCA1	Blood	C	mRNA turnover: Modulate mRNA stability	[52]
LncMyoD	Muscle	C	mRNA turnover: Regulate mRNA translation	[53]
Lnc-DC	Blood	C	Functioning in PTMs	[54]

LncRNAs: Long non-coding RNAs; DEANR1: Definitive endoderm-associated lncRNA1; GATA6-AS1: GATA binding protein 6 antisense RNA 1; YY1: Yin Yang 1; XIST: X inactive-specific transcript; ESCs: Embryonic stem cells; MEG3: Maternally expressed gene 3; CARMEN: (CAR)diac (M)esoderm (E)nhancer-associated (N)oncoding RNA; CAT7: Combat Application Tourniquet Generation 7; MALAT1: Metastasis-associated lung adenocarcinoma transcript-1; NEAT1: Nuclear enriched abundant transcript 1; HBL1: Heart brake long non-coding RNA 1; Linc-ROR: Long intergenic non-protein coding RNA-regulator of reprogramming; TINCR: Terminal differentiation induced noncoding RNA; ANCR: Anti-differentiation noncoding RNA; UCA1: Urothelial carcinoma associated 1; Lnc-DC: Long non-coding RNA in dendritic cell; miRNA: MicroRNA; PTMs: Post-translational modifications.