Published online Nov 26, 2021. doi: 10.4252/wjsc.v13.i11.1714
Peer-review started: March 26, 2021
First decision: May 12, 2021
Revised: May 26, 2021
Accepted: October 31, 2021
Article in press: October 31, 2021
Published online: November 26, 2021
Processing time: 243 Days and 18 Hours
Nowadays, it is clear that adult stem cells, also called as tissue stem cells, play a central role to repair and maintain the tissue in which they reside by their self-renewal ability and capacity of differentiating into distinct and specialized cells. As stem cells age, their renewal ability declines and their capacity to maintain organ homeostasis and regeneration is impaired. From a molecular perspective, these changes in stem cells properties can be due to several types of cell intrinsic injury and DNA aberrant alteration (i.e epigenomic profile) as well as changes in the tissue microenviroment, both into the niche and by systemic circulating factors. Strikingly, it has been suggested that aging-induced deterioration of stem cell functions may play a key role in the pathophysiology of the various aging-associated disorders. Therefore, understanding how resident stem cell age and affects near and distant tissues is fundamental. Here, we examine the current knowledge about aging mechanisms in several kinds of adult stem cells under physiological and pathological conditions and the principal aging-related changes in number, function and phenotype that determine the loss of tissue renewal properties. Furthermore, we examine the possible cell rejuvenation strategies. Stem cell rejuvenation may reverse the aging phenotype and the discovery of effective methods for inducing and differentiating pluripotent stem cells for cell replacement therapies could open up new possibilities for treating age-related diseases.
Core Tip: Aging influences the ability of stem cell renewal, inducing a gradual functional decline of adult tissue-specific stem cells in maintaining homeostasis of the tissue and playing a role in the pathophysiology of various aging-associated disorders. Stem cell rejuvenation strategies may reverse this aging phenotype.