Progression after endoscopic treatment for type I gastric neuroendocrine tumors: A single-center retrospective study

doi:10.3748/wjg.v32.i8.114268

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World Journal of Gastroenterology

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1007-9327

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Baishideng Publishing Group Inc, 7041 Koll Center Parkway, Suite 160, Pleasanton, CA 94566, USA

Retrospective Study

World J Gastroenterol. Feb 28, 2026; 32(8): 114268
Published online Feb 28, 2026. doi: 10.3748/wjg.v32.i8.114268

Table 1 Baseline of endoscopy therapy group and endoscopy therapy with somatostatin analogs adjuvant therapy, n (%)

Variables	Total (n = 128)	Endoscopy group (n = 76)	Endoscopy + SSAs group (n = 52)	Statistic	P value	SMD
Sex				χ² = 0.10	0.748
Male	52 (40.62)	30 (39.47)	22 (42.31)			0.057
Female	76 (59.38)	46 (60.53)	30 (57.69)			-0.057
Age				χ² = 1.19	0.276
< 60	97 (75.78)	55 (72.37)	42 (80.77)			0.213
≥ 60	31 (24.22)	21 (27.63)	10 (19.23)			-0.213
BMI, median (Q₁, Q₃)	23.94 (21.48, 26.42)	23.86 (21.48, 26.35)	23.94 (21.50, 27.47)	Z = -0.15¹	0.880	0.120
Lesion				χ² = 0.69	0.406
< 6	96 (75.00)	59 (77.63)	37 (71.15)			-0.143
≥ 6	32 (25.00)	17 (22.37)	15 (28.85)			0.143
Max-diameter				χ² = 6.68	0.010
< 10 mm	90 (70.31)	60 (78.95)	30 (57.69)			-0.430
≥ 10 mm	38 (29.69)	16 (21.05)	22 (42.31)			0.430
Bleed				χ² = 0.02	0.897
No	124 (96.88)	73 (96.05)	51 (98.08)			0.147
Yes	4 (3.12)	3 (3.95)	1 (1.92)			-0.147
Perforation				χ² = 0.11	0.738
No	125 (97.66)	75 (98.68)	50 (96.15)			-0.132
Yes	3 (2.34)	1 (1.32)	2 (3.85)			0.132
Pathology				χ² = 4.76	0.029
G1	105 (82.03)	67 (88.16)	38 (73.08)			-0.340
G2	23 (17.97)	9 (11.84)	14 (26.92)			0.340
Horizontal margin				χ² = 1.70	0.192
Negative	117 (91.41)	72 (94.74)	45 (86.54)			-0.240
Positive	11 (8.59)	4 (5.26)	7 (13.46)			0.240
Vertical margin				χ² = 2.32	0.127
Negative	125 (97.66)	76 (100.00)	49 (94.23)			-0.247
Positive	3 (2.34)	0 (0.00)	3 (5.77)			0.247
Lymphovascular invasion				χ² = 0.86	0.353
Negative	120 (93.75)	73 (96.05)	47 (90.38)			-0.192
Positive	8 (6.25)	3 (3.95)	5 (9.62)			0.192
Perineural invasion				-²	1.000
Negative	127 (99.22)	75 (98.68)	52 (100.00)			0.150
Positive	1 (0.78)	1 (1.32)	0 (0.00)			-0.150
Invasion depth				χ² = 0.11	0.737
M	49 (38.28)	30 (39.47)	19 (36.54)			-0.061
SM	79 (61.72)	46 (60.53)	33 (63.46)			0.061
NLR				χ² = 0.01	0.928
< 2	72 (56.25)	43 (56.58)	29 (55.77)			-0.016
≥ 2	56 (43.75)	33 (43.42)	23 (44.23)			0.016
Progression				χ² = 11.15	< 0.001
No	87 (67.97)	43 (56.58)	44 (84.62)			0.777
Yes	41 (32.03)	33 (43.42)	8 (15.38)			-0.777
Follow-up time, median (Q₁, Q₃)	25.50 (14.00, 58.50)	31.00 (13.50, 64.25)	24.50 (18.25, 51.50)	Z = -0.74¹	0.461	-0.491

¹Mann-Whitney test.

²Fisher exact.

Q₁: 1^st quartile; Q₃: 3^rd quartile; SSAs: Somatostatin analogs; BMI: Body mass index; NLR: Neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio.

Full Size Table

Table 2 Cumulative probability of neoplasia recurrence after endoscopy treatment

Recurrence rate	Endoscopy group	Endoscopy + SSAs group
1 year	22.37%	5.77%
2 years	32.89%	7.69%
3 years	32.89%	9.62%
4 years	36.84%	11.54%
5 years	40.79%	13.46%
10 years	43.42%	15.38%

SSAs: Somatostatin analogs.

Full Size Table

Table 3 Comparison of clinical and pathological baseline characteristics between non-progressive and progressive groups, n (%)

Variables	Total (n = 128)	Non-progressive group (n = 87)	Progressive group (n = 41)	Statistic	P value	SMD
Sex				χ² = 1.05	0.306
Male	52 (40.62)	38 (43.68)	14 (34.15)			-0.201
Female	76 (59.38)	49 (56.32)	27 (65.85)			0.201
Age				χ² = 0.00	0.975
< 60	97 (75.78)	66 (75.86)	31 (75.61)			-0.006
≥ 60	31 (24.22)	21 (24.14)	10 (24.39)			0.006
BMI, median (Q₁, Q₃)	23.94 (21.48, 26.42)	24.22 (21.83, 26.97)	22.86 (21.30, 26.31)	Z = -1.35¹	0.177	-0.343
Lesion				χ² = 4.32	0.038
< 6	96 (75.00)	70 (80.46)	26 (63.41)			-0.354
≥ 6	32 (25.00)	17 (19.54)	15 (36.59)			0.354
Max-diameter				χ² = 1.73	0.188
< 10 mm	90 (70.31)	58 (66.67)	32 (78.05)			0.275
≥ 10 mm	38 (29.69)	29 (33.33)	9 (21.95)			-0.275
SSAs				χ² = 11.15	< 0.001
No	76 (59.38)	43 (49.43)	33 (80.49)			0.784
Yes	52 (40.62)	44 (50.57)	8 (19.51)			-0.784
Bleed				χ² = 0.06	0.812
No	124 (96.88)	85 (97.70)	39 (95.12)			-0.120
Yes	4 (3.12)	2 (2.30)	2 (4.88)			0.120
Perforation				-	1.000
No	125 (97.66)	85 (97.70)	40 (97.56)			-0.009
Yes	3 (2.34)	2 (2.30)	1 (2.44)			0.009
Pathology				χ² = 0.03	0.856
G1	105 (82.03)	71 (81.61)	34 (82.93)			0.035
G2	23 (17.97)	16 (18.39)	7 (17.07)			-0.035
Horizontal margin				χ² = 0.00	0.987
Negative	117 (91.41)	79 (90.80)	38 (92.68)			0.072
Positive	11 (8.59)	8 (9.20)	3 (7.32)			-0.072
Vertical margin				-	1.000
Negative	125 (97.66)	85 (97.70)	40 (97.56)			-0.009
Positive	3 (2.34)	2 (2.30)	1 (2.44)			0.009
Lymphovascular invasion				χ² = 0.69	0.406
Negative	120 (93.75)	80 (91.95)	40 (97.56)			0.363
Positive	8 (6.25)	7 (8.05)	1 (2.44)			-0.363
Perineural invasion				-²	0.320
Negative	127 (99.22)	87 (100.00)	40 (97.56)			-0.158
Positive	1 (0.78)	0 (0.00)	1 (2.44)			0.158
Invasion depth				χ² = 2.07	0.150
M	49 (38.28)	37 (42.53)	12 (29.27)			-0.291
SM	79 (61.72)	50 (57.47)	29 (70.73)			0.291
NLR				χ² = 5.36	0.021
< 2	72 (56.25)	55 (63.22)	17 (41.46)			-0.442
≥ 2	56 (43.75)	32 (36.78)	24 (58.54)			0.442
Follow-up time, median (Q₁, Q₃)	25.50 (14.00, 58.50)	36.00 (20.00, 66.50)	14.00 (9.00, 38.00)	Z = -4.21¹	< 0.001	-0.843

¹Mann-Whitney test.

²Fisher exact.

Q₁: 1^st quartile; Q₃: 3^rd quartile; BMI: Body mass index; SSAs: Somatostatin analogs; NLR: Neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio.

Full Size Table

Table 4 Univariate and multivariate cox regression analyses, n (%)

Variables	Single factor analysis			Multi-factor analysis
Variables	HR	95%CI	P value	HR	95%CI	P value
Sex
Male	1.00	Reference		1.00	Reference
Female	1.57	0.82-3.01	0.174	1.36	0.67-2.73	0.394
Age
< 60	1.00	Reference
≥ 60	0.96	0.47-1.96	0.911
Lesion
< 6	1.00	Reference		1.00	Reference
≥ 6	1.83	0.96-3.48	0.065	1.64	0.83-3.25	0.158
Max-diameter
< 10 mm	1.00	Reference		1.00	Reference
≥ 10 mm	0.59	0.28-1.23	0.161	0.57	0.23-1.41	0.223
SSAs
No	1.00	Reference		1.00	Reference
Yes	0.40	0.18-0.88	0.022	0.38	0.17-0.90	0.027
Pathology
G1	1.00	Reference		1.00	Reference
G2	1.15	0.51-2.62	0.731	2.13	0.88-5.18	0.094
Horizontal margin
Negative	1.00	Reference		1.00	Reference
Positive	1.25	0.38-4.09	0.709	2.26	0.63-8.13	0.213
Vertical margin
Negative	1.00	Reference
Positive	1.31	0.18-9.59	0.793
Lymphovascular invasion
Negative	1.00	Reference		1.00	Reference
Positive	0.29	0.04-2.11	0.221	0.42	0.05-3.38	0.415
Perineural invasion
Negative	1.00	Reference		1.00	Reference
Positive	5.94	0.79-44.35	0.083	6.20	0.60-64.04	0.126
Invasion depth
M	1.00	Reference		1.00	Reference
SM	1.60	0.82-3.14	0.171	1.74	0.81-3.71	0.153
NLR
≥ 2	1.00	Reference		1.00	Reference
< 2	1.90	1.02-3.55	0.043	2.14	1.08-4.26	0.030

HR: Hazards ratio; CI: Confidence interval; SSAs: Somatostatin analogs; NLR: Neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio.

Full Size Table

Citation: Yang ZL, Wang HK, Liu Y, Dou LZ, Zhang YM, Ng HI, He S, Chi YB, Wang GQ. Progression after endoscopic treatment for type I gastric neuroendocrine tumors: A single-center retrospective study. World J Gastroenterol 2026; 32(8): 114268
URL: https://www.wjgnet.com/1007-9327/full/v32/i8/114268.htm
DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.3748/wjg.v32.i8.114268