Proposal of a new classification scheme for complete portal vein thrombosis and its clinical significance: A retrospective study

Table 1 Baseline characteristics of the included patients, mean ± SD/n (%)

	Acute PVT (n = 46)	Chronic PVT (n = 59)	Cavernous transformation (n = 22)	Mixed PVT (n = 44)
Age (years)	45.2 ± 5.9	47.8 ± 4.2	45.4 ± 4.3	48.4 ± 3.6
Gender
Male	33 (71.7)	42 (71.2)	17 (77.3)	32 (72.7)
Female	13 (28.3)	17 (28.8)	5 (22.7)	12 (27.3)
Background disease
HBV cirrhosis	24 (52.2)	29 (49.2)	7 (31.8)	20 (45.5)
HCV cirrhosis	0 (0)	1 (1.7)	1 (4.5)	0 (0)
ALC	10 (21.7)	13 (22.0)	5 (22.7)	7 (15.9)
PBC	2 (4.3)	3 (5.1)	0 (0)	2 (4.5)
AIC	2 (4.3)	6 (10.2)	1 (4.5)	1 (2.3)
BCS	3 (6.5)	5 (8.5)	1 (4.5)	3 (6.8)
HVOD	1 (2.2)	2 (3.4)	1 (4.5)	2 (4.5)
Unknown cause	4 (8.7)	0 (0)	6 (27.3)	9 (20.5)
Clinical symptoms
Abdominal pain	10 (21.7)	10 (17.0)	0 (0)	6 (13.6)
Variceal bleeding	12 (26.1)	21 (35.6)	8 (36.4)	15 (34.1)
Refractory ascites	15 (32.6)	11 (18.6)	5 (22.7)	14 (31.8)
Both above	5 (10.9)	13 (22.0)	8 (36.4)	7 (15.9)
Intestinal necrosis	0 (0.0)	2 (3.4)	1 (4.5)	1 (2.3)
Severe jaundice	4 (8.7)	2 (3.4)	0 (0)	1 (2.3)
Child-Pugh grade
Child A	17 (37.0)	21 (35.6)	10 (45.5)	16 (36.4)
Child B	21 (45.6)	26 (44.1)	10 (45.5)	19 (43.2)
Child C	8 (17.4)	12 (20.3)	2 (9.1)	9 (20.4)
Pre-PPG (mmHg)	24.76 ± 5.69	22.73 ± 6.70	21.05 ± 5.65	24.63 ± 6.23
Post-PPG (mmHg)	12.88 ± 3.24	18.26 ± 5.57	14.07 ± 4.04	17.72 ± 4.48

PVT: Portal vein thrombosis; HBV: Hepatitis B virus-related cirrhosis; HCV: Hepatitis C virus-related cirrhosis; ALC: Alcoholic liver cirrhosis; PBC: Primary biliary cirrhosis; AIC: Autoimmune cirrhosis; BCS: Budd-Chiari syndrome; HVOD: Hepatic veno-occlusive disease; PPG: Portal venous pressure gradient.

Table 2 Agreement analysis of morphological characteristics using Kappa statistics

Comparison	Kappa value	95%CI	P value
Density vs wall thickening	0.713	0.578-0.847	< 0.001
Density vs collateral vessels	0.749	0.623-0.876	< 0.001
Wall thickening vs collateral vessels	0.806	0.693-0.920	< 0.001
Density vs wall thickening vs collateral vessels	0.755	0.642-0.869	< 0.001

CI: Confidence interval.

Table 3 Comparison of baseline characteristics between patients with and without pathological samples, mean ± SD/n (%)

	Sampled group (n = 102)	Non-sampled group (n = 69)	t/χ2 value	P value
Age (years)	47.0 ± 4.4	46.9 ± 5.0	0.116	0.908
Gender			0.471	0.493
Male	72 (70.6)	52 (75.4)
Female	30 (29.4)	17 (24.6)
Background disease			2.013	0.959
HBV cirrhosis	46 (45.1)	34 (49.3)
HCV cirrhosis	2 (2.0)	0 (0.0)
ALC	22 (21.5)	13 (18.8)
PBC	4 (3.9)	3 (4.4)
AIC	6 (5.9)	4 (5.8)
BCS	7 (6.9)	5 (7.2)
HVOD	3 (2.9)	3 (4.4)
Unknown cause	12 (11.8)	7 (10.1)
Clinical symptoms			7.179	0.208
Abdominal pain	20 (19.6)	6 (8.7)
Variceal bleeding	30 (29.4)	26 (37.7)
Refractory ascites	25 (24.5)	20 (29.0)
Both above	19 (18.7)	14 (20.3)
Intestinal necrosis	4 (3.9)	0 (0.0)
Severe jaundice	4 (3.9)	3 (4.3)
Child-Pugh grade			0.059	0.971
Grade A	38 (37.3)	26 (37.7)
Grade B	46 (45.1)	30 (43.5)
Grade C	18 (17.6)	13 (18.8)
PVT classification			0.789	0.852
Acute PVT	27 (26.5)	19 (27.5)
Chronic PVT	34 (33.3)	25 (36.2)
Cavernous transformation	15 (14.7)	7 (10.2)
Mixed PVT	26 (25.5)	18 (26.1)

PVT: Portal vein thrombosis; HBV: Hepatitis B virus-related cirrhosis; HCV: Hepatitis C virus-related cirrhosis; ALC: Alcoholic liver cirrhosis; PBC: Primary biliary cirrhosis; AIC: Autoimmune cirrhosis; BCS: Budd-Chiari syndrome; HVOD: Hepatic veno-occlusive disease.

Table 4 Treatment outcomes across different groups

	Acute PVT (n = 46)1	Chronic PVT (n = 59)1	Cavernous transformation (n = 22)1,2	Mixed PVT (n = 44)2	P value
Complete recanalization/revascularization	43 (93.5)	48 (81.4)	21 (95.5)	32 (72.7)	0.005
Partial recanalization	3 (6.5)	11 (18.6)	0 (0.0)	12 (27.3)

¹There was no statistically significant difference among the groups of acute PVT, chronic PVT, and cavernous transformation.

²There was no statistically significant difference between the groups of cavernous transformation and mixed PVT.

One patient in the cavernous transformation group received treatment for intestinal necrosis only, without intervention for portal vein thrombosis. PVT: Portal vein thrombosis.