Copyright: ©Author(s) 2026.
World J Gastroenterol. May 7, 2026; 32(17): 116867
Published online May 7, 2026. doi: 10.3748/wjg.v32.i17.116867
Published online May 7, 2026. doi: 10.3748/wjg.v32.i17.116867
Table 1 Comparison of demographic and baseline characteristics between patients with and without post-transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt rebleeding before and after propensity score matching
| Characteristics | Before PSM | After PSM | ||||||||
| Total | No post-TIPS rebleeding | Post-TIPS rebleeding | P value | SMD | Total | No post-TIPS rebleeding | Post-TIPS rebleeding | P value | SMD | |
| Age (years) | 51 (44, 60) | 52 (44, 60) | 50 (43, 59) | 0.020 | 0.140 | 50 (43, 58) | 50 (43, 58) | 50 (43, 59) | 0.803 | 0.023 |
| Sex | < 0.001 | 0.270 | 0.547 | 0.045 | ||||||
| Male | 1150 (64.5) | 892 (62.1) | 258 (74.6) | 750 (73.1) | 494 (72.4) | 256 (74.4) | ||||
| Female | 632 (35.5) | 544 (37.9) | 88 (25.4) | 276 (26.9) | 188 (27.6) | 88 (25.6) | ||||
| Cirrhosis etiology | 0.291 | 0.152 | 0.770 | 0.107 | ||||||
| Chronic HBV infection | 1092 (61.3) | 861 (60.0) | 231 (66.8) | 662 (64.5) | 432 (63.3) | 230 (66.9) | ||||
| Other viral infection | 108 (6.1) | 87 (6.1) | 21 (6.1) | 61 (5.9) | 40 (5.9) | 21 (6.1) | ||||
| Alcoholic liver disease | 106 (5.9) | 88 (6.1) | 18 (5.2) | 63 (6.1) | 46 (6.7) | 17 (4.9) | ||||
| Autoimmune hepatitis | 170 (9.5) | 143 (10.0) | 27 (7.8) | 93 (9.1) | 66 (9.7) | 27 (7.8) | ||||
| Mixed etiology | 41 (2.3) | 34 (2.4) | 7 (2.0) | 20 (1.9) | 13 (1.9) | 7 (2.0) | ||||
| Others | 265 (14.9) | 223 (15.5) | 42 (12.1) | 127 (12.4) | 85 (12.5) | 42 (12.2) | ||||
| Hepatic encephalopathy before procedure | 17 (1.0) | 15 (1.0) | 2 (0.6) | 0.622 | 0.052 | 5 (0.5) | 3 (0.4) | 2 (0.6) | 1.000 | 0.020 |
| Ascites before procedure | 0.400 | 0.069 | 0.763 | 0.049 | ||||||
| No | 589 (33.1) | 464 (32.3) | 125 (36.1) | 356 (34.7) | 232 (34.0) | 124 (36.0) | ||||
| Mild | 648 (36.4) | 528 (36.8) | 120 (34.7) | 372 (36.3) | 252 (37.0) | 120 (34.9) | ||||
| Moderate and severe | 545 (30.6) | 444 (30.9) | 101 (29.2) | 298 (29.0) | 198 (29.0) | 100 (29.1) | ||||
| Hemoglobin (g/L) | 82 (71, 96) | 83 (72, 97) | 80 (68, 94) | 0.003 | 0.183 | 80 (69, 93) | 80 (69, 92) | 80 (68, 94) | 0.881 | 0.013 |
| Platelet (109/L) | 60 (41, 88) | 61 (42, 89) | 54 (40, 82) | 0.009 | 0.082 | 58 (41, 84) | 60 (43, 87) | 54 (40, 82) | 0.062 | 0.057 |
| Albumin (g/L) | 34.3 (30.8, 37.7) | 34.3 (30.8, 37.7) | 34.4 (30.7, 37.3) | 0.744 | 0.007 | 34.4 (30.9, 37.5) | 34.3 (31.0, 37.5) | 34.4 (30.7, 37.3) | 0.786 | 0.001 |
| Total bilirubin (µmol/L) | 20.3 (14.0, 29.3) | 20.0 (13.9, 29.6) | 20.6 (14.3, 28.3) | 0.848 | 0.031 | 20.1 (13.9, 28.7) | 19.9 (13.8, 28.7) | 20.6 (14.3, 28.4) | 0.699 | 0.010 |
| Creatinine (µmol/L) | 72 (58, 88) | 71 (57, 87) | 75 (63, 89) | < 0.001 | 0.201 | 76 (61, 91) | 77 (60, 92) | 75 (63, 89) | 0.968 | 0.030 |
| Prothrombin time lengthen time (seconds) | 1.4 (0, 3.1) | 1.4 (0, 3.0) | 1.8 (0.1, 3.3) | 0.028 | 0.093 | 1.6 (0.1, 3.2) | 1.5 (0.1, 3.1) | 1.8 (0.2, 3.32) | 0.268 | 0.034 |
| International normalized ratio | 1.30 (1.18, 1.45) | 1.29 (1.18, 1.44) | 1.31 (1.20, 1.48) | 0.173 | 0.124 | 1.31 (1.20, 1.46) | 1.31 (1.20, 1.46) | 1.31 (1.20, 1.47) | 0.912 | 0.063 |
| Sodium (mmol/L) | 139.9 (137.4, 142.0) | 139.9 (137.5, 142.0) | 140.0 (137.4, 142.0) | 0.999 | 0.004 | 139.8 (137.4, 141.9) | 139.6 (137.3, 141.8) | 140.0 (137.4, 141.9) | 0.340 | 0.071 |
| Child-Pugh score | 7 (6, 8) | 7 (6, 8) | 7 (6, 8) | 0.813 | 0.012 | 7 (6, 8) | 7 (6, 8) | 7 (6, 8) | 0.917 | 0.007 |
| Child-Pugh class | 0.867 | 0.032 | 0.861 | 0.036 | ||||||
| A | 738 (41.4) | 592 (41.2) | 146 (42.2) | 431 (42.0) | 286 (41.9) | 145 (42.2) | ||||
| B | 887 (49.8) | 719 (50.1) | 168 (48.6) | 506 (49.3) | 339 (49.7) | 167 (48.5) | ||||
| C | 157 (8.8) | 125 (8.7) | 32 (9.2) | 89 (8.7) | 57 (8.4) | 32 (9.3) | ||||
| MELD score | 10 (9, 12) | 10 (9, 12) | 10 (9, 12) | 0.074 | 0.124 | 11 (9, 13) | 11 (9, 13) | 11 (9, 13) | 0.739 | 0.035 |
| MELD-Na score | 11 (9, 13) | 11 (9, 13) | 11 (9, 13) | 0.073 | 0.101 | 11 (9, 13) | 11 (9, 13) | 11 (9, 13) | 0.761 | < 0.001 |
| Combine venous embolization | 1231 (69.1) | 993 (69.2) | 238 (68.8) | 0.947 | 0.008 | 718 (70.0) | 481 (70.5) | 237 (68.9) | 0.641 | 0.036 |
| TIPS stent diameter | 0.179 | 0.107 | 0.535 | 0.073 | ||||||
| < 8 mm | 87 (4.9) | 65 (4.5) | 22 (6.4) | 55 (5.4) | 33 (4.8) | 22 (6.4) | ||||
| 8 mm | 1603 (90.0) | 1301 (90.6) | 302 (87.3) | 909 (88.6) | 609 (89.3) | 300 (87.2) | ||||
| 10 mm | 92 (5.2) | 70 (4.9) | 22 (6.4) | 62 (6.0) | 40 (5.9) | 22 (6.4) | ||||
| Pre-TIPS PPG (mmHg) | 24.00 (20.00, 27.21) | 24.00 (20.00, 27.21) | 23.56 (20.00, 27.21) | 0.664 | 0.043 | 24.00 (20.37, 27.93) | 24.00 (20.59, 27.94) | 23.53 (20.00, 27.21) | 0.347 | 0.049 |
| Post-TIPS PPG (mmHg) | 8.80 (6.00, 11.00) | 8.80 (6.00, 11.00) | 8.82 (6.60, 11.03) | 0.050 | 0.131 | 9.00 (6.60, 11.30) | 9.00 (6.60, 11.62) | 8.82 (6.60, 11.03) | 0.832 | 0.014 |
| PPG reduction (mmHg) | 14.70 (11.00, 18.38) | 14.71 (11.00, 18.40) | 14.00 (11.00, 17.66) | 0.380 | 0.051 | 14.70 (11.00, 18.36) | 14.71 (11.00, 18.44) | 14.00 (11.00, 17.68) | 0.300 | 0.057 |
Table 2 Summary of outcomes in patients with and without post-transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt rebleeding before and after propensity score matching
| Characteristics | Before PSM | After PSM | ||||||||
| Total | No post-TIPS rebleeding | Post-TIPS rebleeding | P value | SMD | Total | No post-TIPS rebleeding | Post-TIPS rebleeding | P value | SMD | |
| Overt hepatic encephalopathy | 599 (33.6) | 466 (32.5) | 133 (38.4) | 0.040 | 0.125 | 349 (34.0) | 218 (32.0) | 131 (38.1) | 0.060 | 0.128 |
| All-cause death | 530 (29.7) | 390 (27.2) | 140 (40.5) | < 0.001 | 0.284 | 324 (31.6) | 184 (27.0) | 140 (40.7) | < 0.001 | 0.293 |
| Liver-related death | 429 (24.1) | 306 (21.3) | 123 (35.5) | < 0.001 | 0.320 | 270 (26.3) | 147 (21.6) | 123 (35.8) | < 0.001 | 0.318 |
Table 3 Univariable and multivariable analysis of liver-related deaths in patients undergoing transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt
| Variable | Univariate analysis | Multivariate analysis | ||
| HR (95%CI) | P value | HR (95%CI) | P value | |
| Age | 1.030 (1.020-1.040) | < 0.001 | 1.031 (1.022-1.040) | < 0.001 |
| Sex (female vs male) | 1.080 (0.889-1.320) | 0.424 | ||
| Cirrhosis etiology | ||||
| Alcoholic liver disease vs chronic HBV infection | 0.832 (0.509-1.360) | 0.107 | ||
| Other viral infection vs chronic HBV infection | 1.330 (0.938-1.900) | 0.109 | ||
| Autoimmune hepatitis vs chronic HBV infection | 1.100 (0.768-1.570) | 0.603 | ||
| Mixed etiology vs chronic HBV infection | 0.960 (0.475-1.940) | 0.107 | ||
| Others vs chronic HBV infection | 1.210 (0.929-1.580) | 0.156 | ||
| Previous ascites | ||||
| Mild vs no | 1.260 (0.996-1.600) | 0.054 | ||
| Moderate and severe vs no | 2.070 (1.630-2.630) | < 0.001 | ||
| Child-Pugh score | 1.260 (1.200-1.330) | < 0.001 | 1.207 (1.121-1.300) | < 0.001 |
| Model for end-stage liver disease-Na score | 1.060 (1.040-1.070) | < 0.001 | 1.035 (1.016-1.055) | < 0.001 |
| Transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt stent diameter | ||||
| 8 mm vs < 8 mm | 0.912 (0.484-1.720) | 0.775 | ||
| 10 mm vs < 8 mm | 1.240 (0.615-2.490) | 0.549 | ||
| Portal pressure gradient reduction | 1.010 (0.997-1.030) | 0.119 | ||
| Rebleeding | 1.490 (1.210-1.840) | < 0.001 | 1.609 (1.304-1.986) | < 0.001 |
- Citation: Zhu JY, Tie J, Xia YF, Wang GC, Zhuge YZ, Wu H, Zhu XL, Xue H, Xu J, Zhang F, Zhao LH, Huang GJ, Zhang MY, Li Z, Wei B, Li PJ, Wang Z, Wu W, Chen C, Tang CW, Zhang CQ. Impact of rebleeding after transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt on liver-related death based on liver function categories. World J Gastroenterol 2026; 32(17): 116867
- URL: https://www.wjgnet.com/1007-9327/full/v32/i17/116867.htm
- DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.3748/wjg.v32.i17.116867