Copyright: ©Author(s) 2026.
World J Gastroenterol. Apr 21, 2026; 32(15): 116083
Published online Apr 21, 2026. doi: 10.3748/wjg.v32.i15.116083
Published online Apr 21, 2026. doi: 10.3748/wjg.v32.i15.116083
Table 1 Baseline demographics and medication use, mean ± SD/n (%)
| Variable | Non-CAP (n = 139) | CAP-assisted (n = 67) | P value |
| Age (years) | 62.97 ± 19.72 | 59.82 ± 22.44 | 0.348 |
| Gender (male) | 102 (76.7) | 43 (70.5) | 0.356 |
| Gender (female) | 31 (23.3) | 18 (29.5) | 0.356 |
| Charlson score | 4.62 ± 3.35 | 4.16 ± 2.86 | 0.334 |
| Smoking (yes) | 38 (28.6) | 17 (27.9) | 0.920 |
| NSAID (yes) | 30 (22.6) | 8 (13.1) | 0.124 |
| Clopidogrel (yes) | 17 (12.8) | 9 (14.8) | 0.708 |
| ASA (yes) | 32 (24.1) | 17 (27.9) | 0.571 |
| OAC (yes) | 18 (13.5) | 11 (18.0) | 0.439 |
Table 2 Bleeding severity and clinical parameters, mean ± SD/n (%)
| Variable | Non-CAP (n = 139) | CAP-assisted (n = 67) | P value |
| Blatchford score | 11.29 ± 3.92 | 12.15 ± 3.54 | 0.134 |
| Rockall score | 5.44 ± 2.12 | 5.95 ± 2.05 | 0.114 |
| Melena (yes) | 126 (94.7) | 58 (95.1) | 1.000 |
| Hematemesis (yes) | 52 (39.1) | 32 (52.5) | 0.081 |
| Hematochezia (yes) | 6 (4.5) | 4 (6.6) | 0.509 |
| Syncope (yes) | 38 (28.6) | 31 (50.8) | 0.003 |
| Blood pressure > 90 mmHg | 89 (66.9) | 20 (32.8) | < 0.001 |
| Pulse > 100 bpm | 55 (41.4) | 41 (67.2) | < 0.001 |
| HGB > 10 g/dL | 34 (25.6) | 8 (13.1) | 0.051 |
| INR > 1.2 | 32 (24.1) | 12 (19.7) | 0.498 |
| Transfusion in first 24 hour (yes) | 85 (63.9) | 36 (59.0) | 0.613 |
| Intervention time | 1.81 ± 0.71 | 1.98 ± 0.65 | 0.098 |
| Bleeding site (bulbus) | 99 (74.4) | 52 (85.2) | 0.196 |
Table 3 Endoscopic techniques and intervention details, mean ± SD/n (%)
| Variable | Non-CAP (n = 139) | CAP-assisted (n = 67) | P value |
| ABS (used) | 87 (65.4) | 55 (90.2) | < 0.001 |
| AST (used) | 85 (63.9) | 43 (70.5) | 0.192 |
| APC (used) | 33 (24.8) | 31 (50.8) | < 0.001 |
| Hemoclips (used) | 66 (49.6) | 15 (24.6) | 0.001 |
| Aethoxysklerol 2% (lauromacrogol) (used) | 4 (3.0) | 7 (11.5) | 0.038 |
| Coagrasper (used) | 10 (7.5) | 3 (4.9) | 0.758 |
| ABS dose (mL) | 6.10 ± 2.24 | 3.16 ± 1.46 | < 0.001 |
| AST dose (mL) | 5.61 ± 1.54 | 5.11 ± 1.76 | 0.141 |
| Aethoxyklerol dose (mL) | 1.50 ± 1.00 | 2.79 ± 1.15 | 0.211 |
| Number of hemostatic techniques | 2.14 ± 0.87 | 2.66 ± 1.00 | < 0.001 |
| Hemostasis failure (yes) | 4 (3.0) | 3 (4.9) | 0.545 |
Table 4 Clinical outcomes, mean ± SD/n (%)
| Variable | Non-CAP (n = 139) | CAP-assisted (n = 67) | P value |
| ICU admission (yes) | 37 (27.8) | 19 (31.1) | 0.635 |
| Mortality (yes) | 16 (12.0) | 7 (11.5) | 0.912 |
| Bleeding in 2nd scope (yes, if rescoped) | 12 (46.2) | 6 (42.9) | 0.842 |
| Hospital stay (days) | 5.30 ± 5.56 | 5.00 ± 2.54 | 0.606 |
| Post-admission transfusion (yes) | 45 (33.8) | 9 (14.8) | 0.006 |
| Transfusion amount (units) | 0.91 ± 1.31 | 0.44 ± 1.13 | 0.012 |
Table 5 Multivariable linear regression analyses
| Variable | Length of stay β (95%CI), P value | Post-admission transfusion β (95%CI), P value |
| Intercept | 1.770 (-0.921 to 4.461), 0.196 | -0.135 (-0.882 to 0.612), 0.722 |
| CAP use | -0.215 (-1.617 to 1.186), 0.762 | -0.473 (-0.832 to -0.114), 0.010 |
| Age | 0.013 (-0.031 to 0.057), 0.564 | -0.000 (-0.009 to 0.008), 0.912 |
| Charlson index | 0.338 (0.045 to 0.631), 0.024 | |
| Blatchford score | 0.061 (-0.128 to 0.251), 0.524 | 0.050 (-0.001 to 0.101), 0.055 |
| ICU admission | 1.673 (0.132 to 3.215), 0.034 | |
| HGB ≥ 10 g/dL | -0.116 (-0.601 to 0.370), 0.639 | |
| First 24 hours transfusion | 0.826 (0.437 to 1.215), < 0.001 |
- Citation: Küçükdemirci Ö, Ayyildiz T, Bas B, Eruzun H, Efe N, Bektas A. Endoscopic transparent cap assisted hemostasis: A multicenter retrospective cohort study. World J Gastroenterol 2026; 32(15): 116083
- URL: https://www.wjgnet.com/1007-9327/full/v32/i15/116083.htm
- DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.3748/wjg.v32.i15.116083